Bio 102 Exam 3 Peebles-Spencer BSU

First form of life

prokaryotes

Taxonomy

a formal system for naming and classifying species

Each species is assigned a two part name consisting of...

genus and species

Prokaryotic cells lack what?

True nuclei and other membrane-enclosed organelles.

Spherical prokaryotes

coccus

Rod-shaped prokaryotes

Bacillus

Spiral prokaryote

spirillum

Bacteria that causes disease

pathogens

Members of the Domain Archaea are...

extremophiles

Extreme halophiles thrive in...

salty environments

Extreme thermophiles inhabit in...

very hot water

Methanogens make...

methane in a modified form of respiration

All protists are...

eukaryotic

Flagellates move using what?

a flagellum

Dinoflagellates are...

unicellular autotrophs

Ciliates are...

unicellular and free-living

Diatoms are...

unicellular and autotrophic. Have cell walls made of silica

Amoebas are...

single-celled, mostly free living heterotrophs

Brown algae are...

multicellular and autotrophic

Red algae are...

multicellular seaweeds in warm coastal waters

Green algae are...

closest living relatives of land plants

Fungi are...

eukaryotes, multicellular and heterotrophic

Symbiosis

term used to describe ecological relationships between organisms of different species that are in direct contact

Mutualism

type of symbiosis that benefits both species

Plants are...

terrestrial organisms

Plant classification is based on...

how they transport materials and how they reproduce

Vascular tissue

tubes that carry materials

Phloem

"phlows" down, carrying sugars

Xylem

pulls up, carrying water and minerals

Sporophyte

generation that makes spores (asexual)

Gametophyte

generation that makes gametes (sexually)

Bryophyte example

mosses

Seeds

package to nourish and protect developing zygotes

Gymnosperms include...

conifers, cone-bearing plants

Four groups of gymnosperms

conifers, cycads, gnetophytes, gingko

Angiosperms

90% of all plants

The seed of an angiosperm is...

enclosed with a fruit

Monocot

-one seed leaf
-petals in groups of 3
-fibrous roots
-parallel veins

Dicots

-two seed leaves
-petals in 4 or 5
-tap roots
-branched veins

Animals are...

eukaryotic, multicellular and hetetrophic

Bilateral symmetry

one line of symmetry

Radial symmetry

More primitive. More than one line of symmetry

Gastrovascular Cavity

food enters and exits through the same opening

Complete digestive system

mouth and anus

Acoelomates

Tissues that don't have a second layer around them.
No air bag, no seat belt

Pseudocoelomate

Some cushioning from movement, no connection. Airbag, no seatbelt

Coelom

maximum cushioning from movement. Airbag and seatbelt

Phylum Porifera

sponges
-sessile
-filter feeders

Phylum Cnidaria

Jellyfish, sea anemones
-radial symmetry
-carnivores

Phylum Platyhelminthes

flatworms
-free-living

Phylum Nematoda

roundworms
-most diverse

Phylum Annelida

Segmented worms
-earthworms
-polychaetes
-leeches

Phylum Arthropoda

segmented animals wth specialized segments and jointed appendages
-arachnids
-crustaceans
-millipedes & centipedes
-insects

Phylum mollusca

have a muscular foot, a visceral mass and a mantle
-bivalves
-gastropods
-cephalopods

Phylum echniodermata

marine, sessile or slow-moving
-water vascular system
-star fish
-sea urchins
-sea cucumbers

Phylum Chordata

-dorsal
-notochord
-pharyngeal
-post-anal tail

Lampreys

jawless fish

Chondrichthyes

flexible skeleton made of cartilage
-sharks
-skates
-rays

Osteichthyes

bony fish
-have a skeleton reinforced by hard calcium
-protective flap - operculum
-swim bladder

Amphibians

first vertebrates to colonize land
-mix of aquatic and terrestrial
-need water to reproduce
-first group with 4 legs - tetrapod

Reptiles

Snakes, lizards, turtles, alligators
-amniotes
-waterproof skin

Birds

-subgroup of reptiles
-evolved from dinosaurs

Mammals

first true mammals arose about 200 million years ago

Monotremes

-lay eggs
-produce milk but no nipples
-babies suck milk from the hairs on their mother's chest
-platupus

Marsupials

-embryos finish development in pouch
-females give birth after a short period of development
-kangaroos

Eutherians (Placentals)

-embryos develop in uterus
-females have a placenta that provides oxygen and nutrients to embryos in the uterus
-humans

Animal groups in order smallest to largest

Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain
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