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electrical signaling
changes in membrane potential
chemical signaling
secretion of chemicals into ECF
homeostasis
Maintenance of internal conditions within a range of
values for physical and chemical parameters
gap junctions
junctions that form protein channels between adjacent cells
secreted molecules
Act on receptors in target cells or tissues
autocrine
secreted molecules that act on receptors on the same cell
paracrine
secreted molecules that act on receptors on nearby cells
Hormones
Chemicals secreted by endocrine cells. They travel in blood and act on distance target tissues
neurohormones
Secreted by neurons and travel through bloodstream
neurotransmitters
secreted by neurons and trigger response by diffusing across gap and binding to target cell
neuromodulators
secreted by neurons for autocrine or paracrine signaling
ligand binding
what opens and closes ion channels?
it activates a second messenger in the cell
What happens when a G-protein is activated?
G-protein coupled receptors
membrane-spanning proteins linked to “G Protein”
*fill in later
Adenylyl cyclase steps
*fill in later
phospholipase C steps
paracrine
what mode of secretion do gasses typically act in?
nitric oxide
◦ Vasodilator and neurotransmitter
◦ Increases diameter of blood vessels
◦ Present in neurons
◦ Made by synthase
carbon monoxide
Made by some cells to target smooth muscle
hydrogen sulfide
Recently discovered to relax blood vessels
endocrine
release hormones
Transported in the blood
can potentially target any cell
neural
electrical signals that are more specific,
faster
shorter duration
sensors
nervous system receptors
central receptors
sensors in the CNS
peripheral receptors
sensors outside of the CNS typically close to the surface of the body/skin
tonic control
Set point can be altered in both directions and control is always active
blood vessel diameter
example of tonic control
antagonistic control
Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
-one increases rate and the other decreases it
heart beating
example of antagonistic control
Sympathetic, parasympathetic
in antagonistic control….
◦ _____________ system increases rate
◦ _____________ system decreases the rate
stimulus
change in a physiological parameter
sensor
recognizes stimulus and sends afferent signal
integration center
receives signal for sensor and compares input to set point
output
efferent signal generated
target or effector
carries out response
contact dependent signals
signals that require interaction between membrane molecules on 2 cells
ligand, receptor, 2nd messenger, response
path of a signal transduction pathway
protein kinases, amplifier enzynmes
targets of signal transduction pathways