Chapter 6

Axial division

what is the axial skeleton

composed of the bones along the central axis of the body

what are the regions of the axial skeleton

skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage

what are the bones of the cranium

occipital, parietal (2), frontal, temporal (2), sphenoid, ethmoid

what is the occipital bone made of

foramen magnum, hypoglossal canal, occipital condyle

what is the parietal bone (2) made of

coronal, lambdoid, and sagittal sutures

what is the frontal bone made of

supraorbital foramen, supraorbital arch, glabella, frontal sinus

what is the temporal bone (2) made of

squamous portion, petrous portion, mastoid process, styloid process, external meatus

what is the sphenoid bone made of

sella turcica, clinoid process, optic groove, dorsum, sellae, pterygoid process

what is the ethmoid bone made of

perforating panel, crista galli, perpendicular plate, ethmoid sinuses, superior portion of nasal septum

how many facial bones does the skull contain

14 facial bones

what are the paired bones of the face

maxilla, palatine, nasal, zygomatic, inferior nasal conchae

what are the single bones of the face

vomer, mandible

how many bones are in the skull

22 bones

how many bones in the cranial

8 bones

what bone contains the alveolar process, maxillary sinus (largest paranasal sinus), infraorbital foramen, front part of hard plat

maxilla

what bone contains the dorsal part of hard palate

palatine

what bone contains the cheek bones

zygomatic

what bone makes the inferior portion of the nasal septum

vomer

what bone contains the alveolar process, ramus, condylar process, coronoid process

mandible

how many bones make up the vertebral column

26 bones

how many cervical vertebrae are there

7

how many thoracic vertebrae are there

12

how many lumbar vertebrae are there

5

what are the associated bones

auditory ossicles and hyoid bone

what are the abnormal curvatures of the vertebral column

scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis

what is scoliosis

abnormal lateral curvature

what is kyphosis

exaggerated posterior curvature of the thoracic region

what is lordosis

exaggerated anterior curvature of the lumbar region

what does the atlas articulate with

articulates cranially with the occipital condyles

how many arches does the atlas have

the anterior and posterior vertebral arches

what does the articulation of the atlas do

it allows one to shake their head "yes"

what does the articulation of the axis do

it allows one to shake their head "no"

what is the vertebra prominens

the last cervical vertebrae

what is the atlas

C1

what is the axis

C2

what is the vertebra prominens

C7

what makes up the posterior of the rib cage

the thoracic vertebrae

what is the spinous process

it is long and slender and points on a poster caudal angle

where does the transverse processes point towards

points dorso lateral

where does the thoracic vertebrae articulate

articulates with the ribs and contains extra facets

what is the largest vertebrae and makes up the lower back region

the lumbar vertebrae

what is the shape of the lumbar vertebrae

very thick and oval shaped

what is the thoracic cage made of

made of the sternum, 12 pairs of ribs and 12 thoracic vertebrae

what is the sternum made of

manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

how many pairs of ribs are there

12 pairs

what are the true ribs

1-7, attached to the sternum by separate cartilaginous extensions

what are the false ribs

8-10, attached to the sternum by the one shared cartilaginous extension

what are the floating ribs

11-12, not attached to the sternum

what are the two functions of the thoracic cage

protects the heart, lungs and other structures within the cavity and it serves as attachment site for muscles

what are the attachment sites for muscles involved in the thoracic cage

respiration, positioning the vertebral column, and movements of the pectoral girdle and upper limb