CHE 230 Exam 1 important info

HDI

HDI = 1/2(2C + 2 + N - X - H) where x is halogens (Br Collumn)

AcidBase Reaction favors

the side with the weaker - less stable Base

Octet exceptions

H, He, Boron is satisfied with 3 bonds

Formal Charge

Valence electrons - ½ #bonds - lone pairs

Single bond

1 sigma bond

double bond

1 sigma bond + 1 pi bond

Triple bond

1 sigma bond + 2 pi bonds

Sp3

4sp3 orbitals

Sp2

3 sp2 + p orbital

Sp

1 sp + 2 p orbitals

When finding hybridization before being set check for

Resonance

Polar mixes well with

other polar, and vice versa

Partial positives mean

they can be there or not

Only pi orbitals can

move in resonence

Resonance structure rules

1. Don’t break single bonds

2. Don’t exceed octets

3. Overall charge must be the same

Resonance structure rankings

1. less charges

2. atoms prefer full octet

3. most electronegative atom prefers the negative charge

4. avoid carbons having different charges

Bronsted lowery acid

donates h+

Bronsted lowery base

h+ acceptor

Conjugate acid

base after reciving H+

Conjugate base

acid after donating h+

Arrow in acid base reactions points from

base electrons to H on acid

lower pka is

strong acid

Stabilization depends on

ARIO

A

if atom is in the same row then the more electronegative atom is favored

if atom is in the same column the heavier is favored

R- Resonence

Which molecule can delocalize the charge more is favoired

I - Inductance

each adittonal electronegative atom makes atom more acidic

Orbital

Lower the sp the more acidic.

Equilibrium reaction favores the

more stable base/ weaker base

Leveling effect

solvent can not be used if they interfere with a reaction

1. dissolves reactants

2. can be used as a src of acid or base

Counterion

negatively charged bases will be accompanied by a positively charged counterion.