BISC FINAL

What structures are included in the upper respiratory system?

The upper respiratory system includes the sinuses, nasal cavity, pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx.

What are the structures of the lower respiratory system?

The lower respiratory system includes the lungs, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

What is one function of the respiratory system?

Provides the body with needed oxygen.

What does the nasal cavity do?

Warms, moistens, and filters incoming air and traps particles using cilia and mucus.

What occurs during inhalation?

Air moves into the lungs when the thoracic cavity increases in volume due to the contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

What is external respiration?

The process of gas exchange between the lungs and the blood.

What role does hemoglobin play in gas transport?

Hemoglobin binds to oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin for transport in the blood.

What is the function of the medulla in respiratory control?

Contains the inspiratory and expiratory areas that regulate breathing patterns.

What is the primary symptom of asthma?

Attacks of wheezing and difficulty breathing.

What characterizes REM sleep?

Rapid eye movement, increased brain activity, and most dreaming occurs during this stage.

What is blue light?

A type of visible light with a short wavelength and high energy, part of the visible light spectrum.

What is the effect of blue light on melatonin production?

Blue light suppresses melatonin production, making it harder to fall asleep.

What hormone causes acromegaly or gigantism?

Growth hormone.

Where is insulin produced?

Insulin is produced in the pancreas.

What is the role of leptin?

Leptin regulates appetite and body weight.

How does the body communicate through the endocrine system?

By using hormones as chemical messengers that affect distant parts of the body.

Structures of the respiratory system

Upper: sinuses, nasal cavity, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx; Lower: lungs, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.

Functions of the respiratory system

Provides body with needed oxygen, extracts energy from food, exhales carbon dioxide, regulates acid-base balance of body fluids.

Nose/nasal cavity

Warms, moistens, and filters incoming air, contains cilia and mucus to trap particles.

Sinuses

Warm and moisten inhaled air.

Pharynx

Passageway for air.

Larynx

Allows air but not other materials to pass to the lower respiratory system.

Trachea

Main airway that conducts air from larynx to bronchi.

Bronchi

Conduct air from trachea to each lung.

Bronchioles

Conduct air to alveoli and adjust airflow in lungs.

Lungs

Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and air.

Alveoli

Provides immense internal surface area for gas exchange.

Inhalation

Air moves into lungs when thoracic cavity increases volume due to contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

Exhalation

Air moves out of lungs when diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, decreasing thoracic cavity volume.

External respiration

Process of gas exchange between the lungs and the environment.

Gas transport by the blood

Oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, forming oxyhemoglobin.

Internal respiration

Exchange of gases between the blood and tissues.

Respiratory Centers in the Brain

Located in the medulla, it controls basic breathing patterns.

Factors influencing breathing rate

Increased carbon dioxide influences an increased breathing rate.

Common cold symptoms

Lasts 1 to 2 weeks, transmitted through contaminated objects and mucous membranes.

Asthma symptoms

Attacks of wheezing, difficulty breathing, persistent inflammation in airways.

Influenza

More severe symptoms than a cold; vaccines are 60-70% effective.

Pneumonia

Inflammation of lungs; treated with antibiotics.

Strep throat symptoms

Sore throat, swollen glands, fever; can lead to rheumatic fever or kidney disease.

Tuberculosis symptoms

Cough, chest pain, coughing up blood; treated with antibiotics.

Cystic fibrosis

Lung disorder causing thick mucus, leading to infections; no cure but antibiotics can help.

COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, difficult to breathe, tobacco caused; treated but not cured.

Lung cancer

Caused by smoking, leads to abnormal cell division; treatment includes chemotherapy and surgery.

What is sleep?

An altered state of consciousness with limited interactions, where the brain is active conducting important functions.

Importance of quality sleep

Helps maintain brain pathways, creates memories, and removes toxins built during wakefulness.

Sleep disorders correlated with lack of sleep

High blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression, and obesity.

How sleep is regulated

By the SNC (receives light info), hypothalamus, brainstem, thalamus, basal forebrain, and amygdala.

Stages of sleep

Stage 1 (light sleep), Stage 2 (before deep sleep), Stage 3 (needed to feel refreshed), REM (dreaming phase).

Factors influencing sleep/wake

Medical conditions, medications, stress, sleep environment, age, diet, exposure to light.

Recommended sleep times by age

Newborn 14-17 hrs, Infant 12-16 hrs, Toddler 11-14 hrs, Preschool 10-13 hrs, School age 9-12 hrs, Teen 8-10 hrs, Adult 7+ hrs.

What is blue light?

Type of visible light with short wavelength (380-500 nm), part of the visible spectrum.

Sources of blue light

Sunlight, laptops, computer monitors, smartphones, tablets, TVs, fluorescent lights.

Blue light and sleep patterns

Boosts attention, reaction times, mood but suppresses melatonin affecting sleep quality.

Tips to reduce blue light exposure

Use blue light filters, follow the 20-20-20 rule, manage screen glare, maintain good viewing posture.

Endocrine system identification

One of the last systems identified due to its non-anatomical nature.

Castration effects on hormone understanding

Affects body’s development into adulthood by regulating hormone release.

Dr. Berthold's experiments

Demonstrated that testes release chemicals affecting physical development during puberty.

Myxedema treatment

Initially treated by transplantation of sheep’s thyroid into humans.

What is adrenaline?

A chemical released by adrenal glands that increases heart rate and blood flow.

Endocrine system communication

Regulates distant body parts through chemical messengers (hormones) in the bloodstream.

How hormones work

Each hormone targets specific cells to change their behavior.

Growth hormone effects

Causes acromegaly or gigantism in excessive amounts.

Location of pituitary gland

Located at the base of the brain in the pituitary fossa.

Role of insulin hormone

Controls sugar levels in the blood.

Original source of insulin for treatment

Extracted from the pancreas of dogs.

Leptin production

Produced from fat tissue; regulates appetite and weight.