APHUG Unit 2 Vocab

Population Distribution

The arrangement of people across the Earth's surface.

Arithmetic Population Density

The total population divided by the total land area.

Physiological Population Density

The number of people per unit area of arable land.

Agricultural Population Density

The number of farmers per unit area of farmland.

Infrastructure

The basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population size that an environment can sustain indefinitely.

Population Composition

The demographic makeup of a population, including age, sex, and ethnicity.

Population Pyramid

A graphical representation of the age and sex distribution of a population.

Baby Boom & Bust

A significant increase in birth rates followed by a decline.

Dependency Theory

A theory that explains the economic dependence of poorer countries on wealthier ones, including potential workforce and dependent population.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The number of live births per 1,000 people in a given year.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman would have in her lifetime.

Life Expectancy Rate

The average number of years a person can expect to live.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a given year.

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

The difference between the number of live births and the number of deaths in a population.

Doubling Time

The period of time required for a quantity to double in size or value.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model that describes the transition of a country from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

A model that explains the changes in population health and mortality patterns over time.

Malthusian Theory

A theory that population growth will outpace food production, leading to famine and conflict.

Boserup Theory

A theory that suggests population growth can stimulate agricultural innovation and increase food production.

Neo-Malthusians

A group that advocates for population control to prevent resource depletion.

Antinatalist Policies

Policies that discourage people from having children.

Gender/Sex Ratio

The ratio of males to females in a population.

Pronatalist Policies

Policies that encourage increased birth rates.

Family Planning

The practice of controlling the number and spacing of children in a family.

Migration

The movement of people from one place to another.

Voluntary Migration

Migration undertaken by choice, often for economic or social reasons.

Push Factors

Conditions that drive people to leave their home country.

Pull Factors

Conditions that attract people to a new country.

Migration Transition Model

A model that describes changes in migration patterns as a country develops.

Lee's Model of Migration

A model that includes intervening obstacles and opportunities affecting migration decisions.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

A set of principles that describe migration patterns and trends.

Gravity Model of Migration

A model that predicts migration flows based on the population size and distance between areas.

Step Migration

Migration that occurs in stages rather than all at once.

Rural to Urban Migration

The movement of people from rural areas to urban areas.

Counter Migration (or Counterurbanization)

The movement of people back to rural areas from urban areas.

Forced Migration

Migration that occurs against a person's will, often due to conflict or disaster.

Slave Trade

The forced migration of people for the purpose of enslavement.

Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)

People who are forced to flee their homes but remain within their country's borders.

Refugees

People who flee their home country due to persecution or conflict.

Asylum/Asylum Seekers

Individuals who seek protection in another country due to fear of persecution.

Internal Migration

The movement of people within a country.

Transnational/International Migration

Migration that crosses national borders.

Chain Migration

The process by which immigrants from a particular town follow others from that town to a new city.

Guest Workers

Individuals who are allowed to work in a country temporarily.

Transhumance

The seasonal movement of livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures.

Xenophobia

An irrational fear or dislike of people from other countries.

Remittances

Money sent back home by migrants to support their families.

Brain Drain

The emigration of highly trained or qualified people from a particular country.