Micro perspective in tourism and hospitality

Physical motivators

Related to rest sports participation beach recreation relaxing entertainment and other motivations directly connected with health

Four classes of basic travel motivators

physical motivators, Cultural motivators, interpersonal motivators, status and prestige motivators

Cultural motivators

Include the desire to know about other countries their music art folklore dances paintings and religions

Interpersonal motivators

Pertain to the desire to meet other people visit friends or relatives escape from routine from daily and neighbors

Status and prestige motivators

Concern ego needs and personal development trips related to businesses convention study and pursuit of hobbies and education travel would enhance one's recognition and good reputation

Vacation travel

Is view as vehicle to satisfy one needs and wants

Psychological

hunger thirst rest activity

Safety

security freedom from fear anxiety

Belonging and love

Affection giving and receiving love

Esteem

Self esteem self respect from others

Cognitive

To know to understand and explore and tackle the unknown

Aesthetic

To find symmetry order beauty and structure in the world

Self actualization

Personal self fulfillment

Psychocentric travelers

Prefer to visit safe destination, Do not like to experiment with accommodations food and entertainment, Prefer a tour that is completely arranged, They prefer to drive to the destination

Allocentric travelers

Have a strong need of and new experiences. They seek destination that offer them an opportunity to experience totally different cultures and environment

Mid centric travelers

Not particularly adventurous yet they are not afraid to try new experiences as long these are neither to odd nor to challenge

Psychocentric travelers, allocentric travelers, mid centric travelers

Classification of travel based on personality

Regular business travelers

most of the business travelers are well educated, rich , have high level jobs and tend to fly often. Business travelers attending meetings conventions and congresses

Incentive travelers

A special type of travel given by firms to employees as a reward for some accomplishment or to encourage employees to achieve more than what is required

Junior families, mid range families, mature families

Three groups of family pleasure travelers

Lack of money, lack of time, lack of safety and security, physical disability, family commitments, lack of interest in travel, fear of travel

Travel constraints

Domestic tourism

it refers to tourists traveling from their normal domicile to other areas within a country. These tourists are called resident visitors.

Inbound tourism

this involves the activities of non-resident visitors within the country of reference these leads to importation of overseas currency

Outbound tourism

This tourism comprises activities of resident visitors outside the country of reference. It refers to residents visiting another country and exporting currency to other countries.

Internal tourism

a combination of inbound tourism and domestic tourism. Activities of both your resident and non-resident visitors within the country of reference as part of domestic or international tourism trips.

National tourism

domestic tourism and outbound tourism combined. Means that the activities of resident visitors within and outside the country of reference. Could be part of domestic or outbound tourism trips.

International tourism

combination of inbound tourism and outbound tourism

Transportation

any mode that moves people from one place to another by air sea and land travel

Holstery/lodging

Any place that provides lodging to a guest

Recreation

Anything related with sites and activities

Leisure

Related to the time attribute to undertake an activity or avail office service

Government

This is a policy making mechanism that sets the standards on how tourism should be developed and marketed

Travel trade

Made up of middlemen or intermediaries between the traveler and supplier

Travel agents

Retail the tourism product and sell them individually two potential travel

Tour operators

The package the tourism product into one package considers to be wholesaler

Age, income and social status, education, life stage of the family

Socio-economic variables and their effect on travel

Travel clubs

A club member enjoys travel opportunities and vacation destinations facilities at a much cheaper price than the paid by non member

Airline group and arrangements

Type of tour fares

Groups of 15 or more

given Reduce fares

Charter service

Given by some airlines to affinity group tours

Public service

Entire airplane is made available to a group of person who travel to the same destination

Special interest tours

Tours arrange for those who are interested in a particular activity (bird watching fishing hunting scuba diving etc)

Relaxation vs activity

Work week has been shortened and the annual holiday leave has been lengthened and relaxation has become possible throughout the year

Familiarity vs novelty

There is an increased positive attitudes for nobility for change tourist move away from traditional resorts to new tourist destination

Dependence vs autonomy

There is the emergence of a group of tourists who would like to acquire a sense of personal autonomy regarding their leisure time

Order vs disorder

Social and economic changes in modern society the demand of travel will be based less on familiarity relaxation dependence and ability activity autonomy and informality

Four types of tourist rules

Organize Mass tourist, individual mass tourist, the explorer, the drifter

Institutional tourist

Dealt within a routine way by the tourist establishment (travel agencies, hotel chains)

Non-institutional tourist

Are loosely attached to the tourist establishment

Organize mass tourist

Less adventurous type of tourist hes trips are fixed he stops are well prepared and guided. prefer familiar environment

Individual mass tourist

Has control over his time and eternally and is not bound to a group. arrangement of his tour is done by a travel agency the desire for nobilities is greater

The explorer

Arrange trip by himself and looks for comfortable accommodation and reliable means of transportation. Tries to associate with people he visit and speak their language

The drifter

Ghost farthest away from the accustomed ways of life of his own country tries to leave the way the people he visits live to share their shelter food and habits

Social tourism

Subsidized system of travel through intervention of the government employer or labor union to achieve social goals

The international bureau of social tourism (BITS)

Was organized in 1963 to encourage the development of social tourism on an international skill promote social tourism by building the financing tourist facilities and preserving local culture and environment

Culture

Defined as a “set of beliefs” values attitudes habits and form of behavior that are shared by society and are transmitted from generation to generation

Culture shock

Lack of understanding and inability to communicate with the host culture might result in a ______ for tourist

Culture patterns

Are changed by internal forces. within a group there are people who are more willing than others to try new things

Mass follow class

Suggest that a destination first attracts a small number of high status individual whose actions or eventually copied by a large number of persons with lower social status

Pre-industrial travel system era

There were almost no regularly scheduled transportation services. Only few had the money and the reason to travel

Early industrial travel system

Common carriers came into existence and began to offer regularly schedule transportation services

Mature railway system era

Travel agencies and tour companies were formed. More people traveled

Express travel system era

Trains and other forms of transportation did not stop at every station or terminal but only at majors ones

Automobile base travel system era

Motorways interstate highways and other trunk highways where developed in the later half of this era which was from 1920-1974

Modern tourism travel system era

Car ownership continued to grow at a fast rate mainly at the expenses of long distance rail travel. The master is in philosophy and marketing approaches were prevalent during the 1950s and 1960's

Post mobility adjustment era

The events of the energy crisis basically changed to travel patterns throughout the world

Type of airlines

Scheduled, non scheduled, passenger, cargo, passenger and cargo, intercontinental, international, domestic

Carnival corporation

Largest cruise liner. British american own cruise line based in doral florida a suburb of miami in the united states

Royal caribbean international

Second largest. Founded in norway and base in miami florida in the united states

Norwegian cruise line holdings ltd

Third largest cruise line founded in norway 1966