lecture 2 - water and acids/bases

what are the properties of water?

1. water is p________

2. _______ bonding

3. cohesion

4. adhesion

5. high specific ________ capacity

6. ________ tension

7. density

polar, hydrogen, heat, surface

water is polar because of oxygens electronegativity, polar likes _________ and water will interact with molecules that are polar

polar

cohesion causes surface tension, surface tension is a liquid’s ability to ________ an external force, caused by strong cohesive forces btw molecules, creating a “skin-like” effect that makes droplets spherical and allows some objects to float on water

resist

what is adhesion of water? interaction with _________ molecules

other

water is a _______ solvent: it dissolves polar substances, also called hydrophilic (water loving)

polar

hydrophilic: water - _________

hydrophobic: water - _______

loving, hating

why can salt and sugar interact with water?

they are polar

salt (ionic) and sugar (covalent) dissolves in water differently because salt _______ into ions that _______ water molecules while sugar molecules stay intact

breaks, attract

what is miscible? two or more substances can mix _________ forming a homogenous mixture

completely

what is temperature? measurement of kinetic _______ (molecular motion) within a substance

energy

what is specific heat capacity? amount of _______ required to raise 1g by 1 degree C

heat

water has a high specific heat capacity, meaning that you need a ________ of energy to change its temperature

energy

due to high specific heat capacity, water can _______ changes in temperature

buffer

water is in an equilibrium with H3O+ and OH- due to in pure water, ph = 7, yay or nay

yay

what are acids? chemicals that _______ H+ to a solution or proton donor

donate

what are bases? chemicals that _________ H+ from a solutions aka adds OH- or proton ________

removes, acceptor

we use the pH scale to _________ acidity

describe

most biological pH is between 6 and _____

8

carbon can form covalent bonds with up to ______ atoms, there are “carbon skeletons” attached to functional groups, single and _______ bonds possible, carbon skeletons can be linear, branched, or circular

four, double

hydrocarbons (hydrophobic), molecules involving only C, H, the ________ the chain, the _________ hydrophobic

longer, more

hydrogens are a ________ source of energy, the covalent ________ store high energy

good, covalent

what are isomers? same number of each type of atom, but different _________

shapes

a carbon bonded to ________ different things is called an asymmetric carbon

four

what are enantiomers? _________ images of each other

mirror

carbon asymmetry allows for enantiomers yay or nay

yay

what are functional groups? chemical groups that add __________ to carbon skeletons

diversity

what is the functional group -OH hydroxyl? found in alcohols, carbohydrates, can form ________ bonds

hydrogen

what is the functional group carbonyl? _________ a molecule is ketone and at the ________ of a molecule is aldehyde

within, end

what is the functional group carboxyl? highly ________, gives off proton in water to become COO-, carboxylic acid, found in _________ acids

polar, amino

what is the functional group amino? very _______ group: nitrogen, attracts a proton in water, insolution becomes NH3+, found in _______ acids

polar, amino

what is the functional group sulfhydryl? _______ group, compounds, found in cysteine

polar

what is the functional group phosphate? very polar group, used in _________ (DNA, RNA) ex ATP

nucleotides

what is the functional group methyl? hydro________ important for DNA

hydrophobic

carbon: valence of _____ can form __________ compounds

4, many