Sociology Final Guide

Counter Culture vs subculture

Counter culture refers to a social movement or group that actively rejects and opposes the dominant cultural norms, while subculture represents a smaller cultural group within the larger culture that maintains distinct values and practices.

Cultural relativism

try and understand a different culture on it’s terms without imposing one's own cultural standards.

Ethnocentrism

Judging people if they do different things than you

Material vs Non material

Material culture refers to the physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture, while non-material culture encompasses the intangible aspects such as beliefs, values, and norms.

Moral Holidays

Event that is celebrated by a certain group and your allowed to break certain morals

Norms

rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members.

Values

what is considered good, desirable, and important in a society.

Field Theory

a specific social area which agents try and position themselves favorably dominated by social forces

economic Capital

if you have money doors will open for the agent

Doxa

rules that are hidden and have nothing to do with the task at hand

Habitus

how prepared agent is for field about you habits and what come naturally

Norm Violations

actions that go against societal norms and expectations, often resulting in social disapproval or sanctions.

Folkways

norms that aren’t strictly enforced

Mores

bad person who violates societies most important norms harming the well being of society

Taboos

norm that’s ingrained into your head violating i unimaginable

Overconfidence vs rethinking

over confidence (bad) pride, conviction, conformation bias, validation

rethinking good humility doubt curiosity discovery

Reification

to make an abstract idea concrete

Sapir- Whorf hypothesis and power of language

the way you see the world is shaped by the language you know

Social facts

things in society that work to direct/restrict individuals

Social forces

social pressure that forces you to do anything no matter what

Sociological Imagination

imagine life and motives of people your studying

Sociological location

corners in life people occupy because of where there located

Sociological perspective

understanding behavior by placing it within social context

Conflict theories

Verstehen

german for to understand and empathize with subjects

Criminal Justice system parts and functions

law enforcement,courts,correctional facilites

Problems and limitations

people with money will buy a private lawyer that will spend more time on their case

Rabble

each individual in a group will behave with self interest

alternatives to present system

rehab,building community, saving lives

The Interruptors

people who promote peace connect with crimes the gangs are commiting

Development of self and how it relates to deviance

individuals develop their concept by seeing how they are percevid

Cooley’s social mirror

how you come to think of yourself. idea is how you interact with each other as you get older social mirror gets bigger and if i do something it’ll have reactions that will tell me about myself.gather info about yourself. People who deviate don’t care or that there social mirror is broken

Freuds Id, Ego, Super ego

freuds says concience is filled with 3 things

id-selfish desires,deviant (Devil)

super-angel societies rules and expectations (angels)

Ego-balance of both how you actually are

Meads imitation/play/game stages

Play-when you relize you have a role work hard don’t care about anyone else

Game- understand roles and thoughts of others

I vs. Me

watch kids develop while playing soccer, deviant person puts themselves in the center me puts self in bigger picture

Deviance

when someone goes against socilization and doesn’t follow expected norms/behaviors

Norms of appearance

face tats people are going to think your weird, race

Norm of behavior

most basic norms we think of how you are supposed to act like walking on the right side

Involuntary memberships

when someone is deviant due to something they can’t control

Realtivity of deviance

deivance depends on which the culture

Norms

expectations in society that are normal

The role norms play in society

predictablity, guidelines for life, determines whos bad and whos good

Socialization

process which you learn characteristics of your culture these are values, norms, behaviors expected to know

Agents of socialization

family, peers, school, governement, media, workplace

Nature vs Nurture

nature-born that way

nurture- raised that way/grew up thinking that a huge impact on what we do with you

Why does nature and nurture matter for deviance

influences how they act and how there future looks

Illegitimate opportunity

opportunities for entries that are woven into life

when you have the opportunity to deviate because of the power you were given

Strain Theory

people who expeirence normlessness

certain goals in society making a bunch of money for example, given the goal but feel strain because there isn’t a clear path are you gonna accept all the things I say to accomplish the goal

Four types of deviants

innovations-accept goals of society use illgetmate ways to reach them break the rules to get there

Ritulism- people who become discouraged and give up goal no rules yes

Retreatism- reject both cultural goals not gonna do anything

Rebellion- Convinced society is corrupt we need to fix it

Control

inner controls- concience religious principles right and wrong

outer- family friends who influence us not to deviate

Differential association

we learn to deviate from or conform to society’s norms mostly from different groups we accosiate with

Labeling

significance of labels they become apart of our self concept

Criminal Justice and race

how they impact the criminal justice system. Polioce forces were created to deal with black communties. Other end is that police is trying to keep us safe and protect us from crime

Views on police relations with black citizens

target them more rooted from slavery, proven to be more agressive and hostile

Minority groups

groups singled out for unequal treatment based on race gender

Four classifications

elephant-so large and recent hispanic immigrants

ghosts- looong history in country suffered and not recovered (native americans)

historical- long history foil for dominant group most reconized(Blacks)

model- small, most succesful,very positive sterotypes (asains)

Racial identity/ awareness (ashley doane)

low sense of identity-numerical majority basically national identity high sense- smaller,less power,discrimination

How is race determined/assigned

classify people on skin color and other physical characterisitics

How is ethnicity determined/assigned

people who identify with each other on the basis of ethnicity or cultural heritage

Minority vs dominant groups

minority- groups singled out for unequal treatment based on race , gender

Dominant groups- not singled out, not majority (woman outnumber men)

Racism

requires someone to have cultural/eco/political power to oppress

Use of the phrase racism

someone who belives that there race makes them better and say unfair things

racism as a spectrum

severe forms can be lots of other things

Prejudice vs discrimination

prejudice- an attitude of prejudging in a negative way

discrimination-unfair treatment against someone(action)

individual vs institutional discrimination

Individual-carried out person to person based on percived characterisitics

institutional-built into society’s laws and institutions

Proactive vs reactive

proactive-make people change

reactive- pushing against change thats occuring

levels of membership

inner core-drive movement,set agenda

commited- organize life around movement

less commited- contribute when convienent to them

6 different kinds of movements

individual-alternative (soemone telling you to recycle, redemptive (religion)

society- reformative (fix that one problem) Transformative

Global-transnational, metaformative

systemic racism

embeded in system, laws, written hard to talk about it because how do you correct past problems

How did systemic racism come to exist

discrimination from the past

why is it hard to talk about it

very complicated

white privilege

benefits white people over non white people unfair societal advantages that white people have over poc

how can white privilege be over stated

white privilaege can be over stated when it comes across as because you have light skin your life is easy police will be nice to you, doesn’t go for poor white people

reification of race

decline of sex in america

modern world getting too overwhelming, scared of the outcome , roe v wade, consent culture, commodification of sex

feminism history/purpose/orgins/resistance

first wave- suffrage movement 19th-20th century over turn legal inequalities 19th amendment/rosie the riveter
second wave-1960’s-70’s equal pay,reproductive rights, roe v wade, equal pay act

third wave- late 1980’s- today gender equality,end systematic gender bias, inclusion over exclusion, rights for trans people

homosexuality and queerness progress and limitations

gay once derogatory embraced during gay rights movement same with queer, gay men are looked down upon because they’ve always been targeted now gay marrige is legal and accepted

polyamory

involved in multiple serious relationships

societys hesitation to polyamory

society sees it as immoral,risky,unessecarly complicated

resistance to homosexuality social vs primal cause

social-resistance to queerness based on the desire for social belonging (religious,political parties)

Primal-less stable and prosperous a society the more resists to queerness poses a threat to reproduction and predictablilty when society is going to collapse

sex vs gender

sex-objective/scientific, childbearing, cancer, females biologically stronger/live longer, brains looks different

trans identities and how america responds to it

self expression let people be who they want to be, freedom. sex determined at birth can’t be changed going against traditional values

six patterns of gender inequality

sex typing,devaluation of feminie things, education, pay gap,violence,politics

sexual deviance types

pornography,sex work, fetish/kink

societys problems with sexual deviance

idea that some of this should be private, and that physical and mental safety is we become to open about this then it can become very damaging