Chapter 11 - Diversity of Prokaryotic organism

archaebacteria

lack peptidoglycan

live in extreme environements

types of archaebacteria

1. methanogens

2. halophiles

3. thermoacidophiles

methanogens

anaerobes

make methane byproduct

wetlands and digestive tracts of animals

break down organic matter in carbon cycle

halophiles

prefer salt environments

not always archeae

thermoacidophiles

grow hot acidic 60-80 ℃, pH 2 or lower

spirochetes

contain spiraled bacteria

acial filaments

gram - aerobic rods and cocci

1. pseudomonas

2. legionella

3. neisseria

4. brucella

5. bordetella

6. rhizobium

7. acetobacter

1. pseudomonas

produce fluorescent green under UV

in burn patients, wounds, urinary tract

psychrophiles and antibiotic resistant

1. legionella

legionnaires disease/severe pneumonia

freshwater, man-made water systems

neisseria

diplococcus

mucus membrane infects

STI → gonorrhea and meningitis

brucella

coccabacillus

zoonotic disease

undulant fever

bordetella

G-

coccabacillus

nonmotile

whooping cough

rhizobium

G- 

rod

in soil

form noduleon roots → symbiotic

acetobacter

rod

G-

oxide ethanol into acetic acid

in alcoholic liquids and overripe fruits

Gram - facultative rods

1. enterobacters

2. escherichia

3. salmonella

4. shigella

5. klebsiella

6. serratia

7. proteus

8. yersinia

9. eruvinia

enterobacters

g-

rod

facultative anaerobic

in intentistinal tracts 

produce toxins

escherichia

g- intestines

not pathogenic and free staines are

salmonella

food poisoning and typhoid fever

g-

shinella 

shigellosis (dysentary ) 

inflammation of colon (b and d and cramps)

klebsiella

opportunistic pathogen

g-

pneumonia UTI septicemia wound infection

found in hospitals

serratia

g-

respiratory urniary nosocomial infection

acquired in hostpials

red color on plate

proteus 

g- UTI (in catheter of patents)

wound infection 

opportunistic infection

yersinia

g-

y. pestis causes plague

eruvinia

plant pathogen

g-

plant rot

vibrio

marine and estuary environments 

g- 

curved rod

causes cholera 

sp some infect wound

pasteurella

coccabacilli

normal flora in upper respiratory tract and oral cavity of ,any animals

trasmist to humans through starch or bite

g-

haemophilus

coccabacilli

grows on chocolate ahar

harmless

opportunistic 

earaches bronchitis meningitis 

g-

gardnerella

normal vaginal microbiota

overgrown → bacterial vaginosis

g-

pleomorphic

gram - anaerobic rods

1. bacteroids

   1. fusobacterium

bacteroides 

normal flora → colon / gastrointestinal tract

g-

opportunistic pathogens if leave gut

post surgical 

fusobacterium

needle shape

in mouth and gastrointestinal

opportunistic infections

periodontal disease

plaque - bacteria release enzymes and toxins break down bone and tissue

sulfur bacteria

sulfur - energy

biogeochemical sulfurcye in environment

sewage soil aquatic

obligate intercellular bacteria

don’t grow outside host cell 

transmitted by vectors 

rickettsias

small rods / coccobacilli

infects arthropods → humans

typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever

intracellular bacteria

chlamydia

coccoid

intracellular obligate

trachoma; most common STI pneumonia, psittacosis

coxiella

obligate intracellular → survive harsh conditions but no reproduction until safe to

Q fever

zoonosis 

G+ cocci

1. staphylococcus

   1. streptococcus

staphylococcus

some harmless

opportunistic infection

food poisoning, toxic shock, MRSA, UTI, skin infections

streptococcus 

chains of cocci

normal in ears nose throat and skin and gastrointestinal tract

strept throat

scarlet fever

necrotizing fascitis

pneumonia (s. pneumoniae)

catalase test

distinguishes from staph

hemolysis

break RBC

in agar plate

alpha (green), beta (clear), gamma (none)

G+ spore forming

1. bacillus

2. clostridium

bacillus (two types)

1. antracis - anthrax resp tract

2. subtilis - environmental microbes, nonenvironemental microbe, nonpathogenic, spore forming under stress

clostridium 

obligate anaerobes

soil, sediments, gastrointestinal tract

tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene and food poison 

G+ non spore forming

1. lactobacillus

2. listeria

lactobacillus

in month, gastrointenstivnal, vaginal lining

makes lactic acid

L. acidophilus - probiotic

pyruvate fermented → lactic acid

1. maintained pH and inhibits pathogenic bacteria

2. food→ lower pH, tangy

listeria

contaminated food, soil, decay vegs. H2O

L. Monocytogenes -

severe infections

risk for pregnancy woman → cross placenta 

raw milk

grow at refrigeration temperatures

irregular G+ rods

1. coryniabacterium

2. propionibacterium

1. coryniabacterium

club-shape

C. diphtheria - diphtheria (resp disease)

propionibacterium 

cheese, clogged pores with excess oil → inflammation and acne

normally harmless to skin

mycobacteria

g+

wax cell wall (mycotic acid)

tuberculosis and leprosy

needs acid fast stains

resist antibiotics and evase immune system

appendages bacteria

parts extend from cell body

stalk

gliding bacteria

move without flagella

secretion slime motors

sheathed bacteria

protects and nutrient absorb

cyanobacteria

photosynthetic bacteria G-

blue green algae

primarproducers in aquatic environment

actinomycetes 

filamentous 

soil

release geosmin (earth rain smell)

streptomycetes - antibiotic source

agrobacterium

transfer genes via Ti plasmid (tumor inducing

plasmid T-DNA → plant genome → tumor growth

g-

bioluminescent bacteria 

vibrio and photo bacterium \

light → chemical reaction with enxymes

hoisted for camouflage or attracting prey

magnetospirilum

spiral, aquatic

has magnetosomes

align with earth magnetic field

prefer low O2

Wolbachia

obligate intracellular

infects arthropods - mother → offspring through eggs

Odd host manipulations to increase spread

1. infected males make viable offspring with infected females

2. infected genetic males become functional females

   1. female hosts become asexual and only produce females