Theories and Methods- PM vs M and LM.

Postmodernism

An era following modernity characterized by no single truth, increased diversity, globalization, and the challenge to old metanarratives.

Features of Postmodernism

Increased diversity and choice, hybridity of cultures, and influence of globalization.

Lyotard's perspective on metanarratives

People have developed incredulity towards metanarratives, leading to distrust in experts and the development of personal perspectives.

Baudrillard's concept of hyperreality

The blending of reality and mediated images, where signs and symbols become indistinguishable from reality.

Role of media in postmodernism

Media saturation creates hyperreality and simulacra, often leading to fragmented societal perceptions.

Evidence of postmodernism

Diversity in family structures, fluid identities, hybrid cultures, and global influences in various social aspects.

Critiques of postmodernism

It ignores power dynamics, is deterministic regarding media influence, and overlooks existing societal structures.

Modernism

An era typified by the Enlightenment, focusing on social structures and institutions, typically considered stable and predictable.

Features of Modernism

Growth of urban areas, rise of capitalism, and the belief in metanarratives providing structure and meaning.

Weber's concept of scientific rationality

The focus on efficiency and technological reasoning over supernatural explanations.

Evidence of Modernism

Traditional family structures, relevance of metanarratives like Marxism, and emergence of nation-states.

Critiques of Modernism

Crisis of capitalism, deterministic views on class and gender, and decline in trust in experts.

Late Modernity

An era of rapid social and economic changes, characterized by insecurity, risk, and individualization.

Concepts of Late Modernity

Individualization, increased insecurity and reflexivity, and the dis-embedding of individuals from local communities.

Examples of Late Modernity

Growth of identity choice, technological expansion, social protests, and changes in relationships.

Critiques of Late Modernity

Arguments that class and gender structures persist, and media access disparities challenge the universality of late modernity.