Instrument written

Compass deviation acronyms (2)

NOSE = North Opposite, South Exaggerate

ANDS = Accelerate North, Decelerate South

IAF

Initial Approach Fix

IAP

Instrument Approach procedure

MOCA

minimum obstacle clearance altitude

obstacle clearance, but navigation signal coverage is only guaranteed within 22 nautical miles of a VOR

preceded by *

MEA

Minimum En Route Altitude

both obstacle clearance and navigational signal coverage between radio fixes

unadorned number

MCA

Minimum Crossing Altitude

The specific altitude an aircraft must cross a fix when heading toward a higher MEA

Standard rate turns

360º = 2 mins

3º/second

Rt hand turns

VOR Receiver Checkpoint

1. go to specified checkpoint on ground

2. follow signs against designated radial (should be “from”)

max var = ±4º

VOT how to

1. tune to VOT

2. set course to 0º, should be centered and “from”

3. set course to 180º, should be centered and “to”

max var = ±4º

airborne VOR alignment

greater than 20 nm from vor

max var = ±6º

single microburst duration

seldom longer than 15 mins

H-VORTAC standard ranges

may change with obstacles

• 1000–14500 = 40 nm

• 14500–18000 = 100 nm

• 18000–45000 = 130 nm

• 45000–60000 = 100 nm

useful range = sum of two ranges

when is an alt airport necesary

projected weather is cig less than 2,000 cis less than 3 smal

minimums for an alt airport (@ETA)

precision approach = cig 600 vis 2 sm

non PA = cig 800 cis 2

no approach = can get to MEA and land VFR

If has an A in a triangle next to NA cannot be an alternate

fuel requirement

enough to airport, alternate + 45mins

approach speed categories

A < 91

91 ≤ B < 121

121 ≤ C < 141

141 ≤ D < 166

166 ≤ E

H = helicopter

basic med requirements

drivers license

48 mo physical

24 mo med ed course

malsr

med intensity rail to centerline

malsf

med intensity flashing to centerline

alsf

high intensity pattern to centerline

when might there be obstacles penetrating Obstacle Identification Surfaces

vis is no lower than 3/4

min IFR en route alt

2000ft above mountain obst

1000ft above other obst

pressure alt

indicated when alt @ 29.92

density alt

requires adjustment for temp

when to file IFR flight plan

controlled airspace with IMC exists

when to begin leveling off

at 10% of vertical speed

Day VFR requirements

A = airspeed

T = tachometer

O = oil pressure

M = Manifold pressure

A = altimeter

T = temp gauge for engine

O = oil temp

F = fuel gauge

L = landing gear indicator

A = anti coll lights

M = mag compass

E = ELT

S = seatbelts

Night VFR reqs

ATOMATOFLAMES

F = fuses

L = landing light

A = anti coll light

P = position lights

S = source of electricity

IFR reqs

ATOMATOFLAMES + FLAPS

G = generator or alternator

R = radios, both comm and nav

A = altimeter

B = ball (slip skid)

C = clock

A = attitude indicator

R = rate of turn

D = directional gyro (compass)

AIRMETS (2)

airmen’s meteorological, moderate intensity

• Sierra = IFR conditions and mountain obscure

• Tango = turbulence, surface winds greater than 30 kts, low level wind shear

WA abbreviation

Textual airmet

(weather, airmet)

WS abbreviation

sigmet

(weather, sigmet)

severe icing, turb, sand or dust storms, volcanic eruptions

WST abbreviation

sigment

(weather, sigmet thunder etc)

severe thunder, hail, tornado

WC abbreviation

cyclone sigmet

(weather, cyclone)

CIG abbreviation

ceiling

010 = 1000ft

TS abbreviation

thunderstorm

TURB/TB abbreviation

turbulence

ICE abbreviation

icing

LLWS abbreviation

low level wind shear

VA abbreviation

volcanic ash

MOV abbreviation

moving

STNR abbreviation

stationary

INTSF abbreviation

intensifying

WKN abbreviation

weakening

NC abbreviation

no intensity change

9900 meaning

light variable winds

IFR conditions

cig less than 010, vis less than 3 nm

MVFR condition

cig 1000-3000 vis 3-5 nm

where does ice occur first

tailplane, or small objects

void time

“clearance void if not off by” from ATC @ non towered

if no take off, must contact within 30 mins

total microburst shear

2x peak outflow wind

delta wind, head + tail wind

high level sig wx prog chart jet stream speed indicators

shaded triangle = 50 kts

slanted dash = 10 kts

sum

calculating CAS

add 2% to indicated for every 1000ft

MDA

min decision alt

non precision min alt (VOR, LOC)

DA

min decision alt for approach with glideslope (ILS) or glide path (LPV, LNAV/VNAV)

ISA

int standard atmosphere

29.92, 15ºC

temp lapse rate (standard)

2º for every 1000 ft

approach category speed

stall x 1.3V

VOR changeover point

stick “s”

in absence, divide length by 2

thunderstorm stages (3)

1. cumulus

2. mature

3. dissipating

cumulus stage

strong continuous updrafts

light to moderate turbulence

mature stage

violent up and down drafts

peak vertical development

anvil pointing downwind

heavy rain

Severe-to-extreme turbulence, low-level wind shear, microbursts, frequent lightning, severe structural icing, and large hail

dissapating stage

downdrafts, light rain

lower cloud breaks apart

higher anvil remnants

downdrafts, high-altitude lightning, residual wind shear

class E VFR reqs above 10,000 MSL

vis 5 nm, vertical 1000ft, 1mi horizontal

when is stabilized approach required

1000ft above TDZE

wind code for greater than 200 kts

speed coded as 99, 500º added to wind direction

precision approaches

vertical and lateral guidance

• ILS = Instrument Landing System

• Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS) Landing System (GLS)

• Precision Approach Radar (PAR)

Non precision approaches

only lateral guidance from the localizer signal

• RNAV = Area Navigation - must have Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) GPS receiver (VNAV is vertical guidance)

• LP = Localizer Performance - Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) GPS receiver

• VOR

• LOC = Localizer - utilize only the localizer equipment of the instrument landing system (ILS), Aircraft must be equipped with a navigation receiver

• LDA = Localizer Type Directional Approach - approach is offset from the runway 6-12 degrees

Approaches with Vertical Guidance (APV)

not precision approach standard, but does provide horizontal and vertical guidance

contact approach

only pilot requested

means can deviate from IAP by visual surface reference

VFR vs IFR cruising altitudes

Odd 0-179

Even 180-359

VFR = that +500

when to use true vs magnetic course/heading

true during planning

magnetic during operation

STAR

standard terminal arrival procedure

can be assigned unless put no STARs in IFR notes

PBN

performance based navigation

RNAV and RNP

satellite and airborne avionics capability

max holding pattern speeds (3 altitude ranges)

MHA-6000 = 200

6000-14000 = 230

14000 and above = 265n

Normal FSS frequency

122.2

Composite flight plan

both VFR and IFR segments

contact FSS for clearance to switch

YFR

composite with IFR first

ZFR

composite with VFR first

ARTCC

air route traffic control centers

controls traffic, some weather info

RCO

extends FSS range

FSS

preflight, inflight advisories, search and rescue

ft/min ranges for altitude changes

less than 1000 ft difference = 500-1500 f/m

greater than 1000 ft difference = as fast as practical, then above once less than 1000

EFC time

expected further clearance time

When are attitude indicator errors at the max

post a 180º turn

unusual attitude recovery order

1. power

2. level wings

3. level pitch

attitude indicator errors (3)

• Nose-up display during rapid acceleration

• Nose-down display during rapid deceleration

• Small pitch or bank errors after a 180-degree turn

how does altitude change with a higher baro

higher baro = higher indicated alt

venturi system

produces vacuum for gyros

gyro instruments

heading

attitude (suction)

turn slip

pitot static instruments

airspeed

VSI

altimeter

IMC Illusions (8)

Inversion

Coriolis

Elevator

False horizon

Leans

Autokinesis

Graveyard spiral

Somatographic

Inversion

quick change from climb to level, feels like falling back

coriolis

moving head during constant turn feels like rotation around different axis

elevator illusion

sudden updraft feels like a pitch up

false horizon

seeing any pattern and thinking its a horizon

leans illusion

after correcting slow bank you still think youre banking (opposite dir)

autokinesis

thinking a stationary light is moving because of staring

graveyard spiral

leans, but doesnt acknowledge and goes back into a turn

loose altitude

pulls up tightening turn

somatographic illusion

power increase or decrease feels like pitch up or down