Apartheid

Social Darwinism

Popular in the late 19th century and early 20th centuries, applied Darwin’s theories of natural selection to human society. Argued “survival of the fittest” and superior races should dominate inferior races.

Argument for Apartheid

• Ethnic groups different from one another

• Natural hierarchy of races - superior biological traits and cultural achievements

• Promotion of interests of white race

• Keep races separate

Afrikaners

Descendants of early Dutch settlers in Cape Colony. Known as Boers or Trek boers.

1853 constitution of Cape Colony

Referred to civilized and uncivilized people. Xhosa carried a pass when traveling outside of home and a curfew for black people.

What caused the Second Boer War

• Gold rush in Transvaal and Orange Free State

• Uitlanders (British) fled in

• Boers valued independence and resisted British interference

Discrimination

Unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on grounds of race, sex, or age.

Segregation

The action or state of setting someone or something apart from other people or things.

Petty Apartheid

“Separate and unequal” segregation of public spaces and social interactions. Everyday inconveniences.

Grand Apartheid

System of racially biased laws that limit the personal freedom of all South African blacks and prohibits them from having ay voice in gov. Emphasized territorial separation and police representation.

African National Congress (ANC)

Main liberation movement against racial segregation and apartheid.

South African Party (SAP)

Founded by Louis Botha and Jan Smuts. Moderately liberal, pro-British empire but also seeking reconciliation between Afrikaners and English speakers.

National Party (NP)

Founded by J.B.M Hertzog (after splitting from SAP). Afrikaner nationalism, conservative, segregationist, and later full apartheid.

United Party (UP)

Merger of SAP and Hertzog’s faction of the NP.Centrist, moderate, attempted to balance English-speaking South Africans and Afrikaners.

Gesuiwerde Nasionale Party (GNP) - “Purified National Party”

Founded by D.F. Malan after refusing to merge into the UP. Hardline Afrikaner nationalism, strongly pro-segregation, anti- British

Randlords

Capitalists who controlled diamond and gold mining industries. Very wealthy, mainly English speaking, mining magnates.

Uitlanders

Seeking work in mines, the labor force of the mines. Sought labor protection against Black competition.

Bantu migration

Waves of population moved from modern-day Cameroon to the east and south along African continent. Displaced San, Khoi-Khoi, and Xhosa population.

Great Trek

Arrival of British and abolishment of slavery in Cape colony. Boers traveled North and East to Orange Free State, Transvaal, and Natal.

Mfecane Groups

Fled Shaka’s armies and attacked other people. Destruction and warfare led to depopulation of South African interior.

Battle of Blood River

Boer victory over Zulu army.

Jameson Raid

Small armed parties sent to invade Transvaal to stage a uitlander uprising.

South African War

Between British and two Boer republics.

Population Registration Act (1950)

(Petty) Created a nat. population register that classified each citizen into a group according to their race.

Population Classification Act (1950)

(Grand) Classified people by their characteristics (language and appearances). Processes to classify were arbitrary.

Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act (1949)

(Petty) Made it illegal of mixed race marriages.

Immorality Act (1950)

(Petty) Banned all extramarital sexual relations between whites and non-whites.

Reservation of separate amenities act (1953)

(Petty) Strict segregation by race of all public amenities.

Pass Laws Act (1952)

(Grand) Replaced existing passbooks with more complex documents. Tax payments and employment records.

Group Areas Act (1950)

(Grand) City centers and public services for Whites only.

Bantu Education Act (1953)

(Grand) Made it mandatory for schools to only admit children from one racial group. Brought the education of Africans under the direct control of the Native Affairs department.

Extension of University Education Act (1959)

(Grand) All universities required to admit students from a single racial group and in case of African universities a single tribe admitted.

Bantu Authorities Act (1951)

(Grand) Created new regional authorities for Africans. Based in the reserves and dispensed with the old native representative council. An elected national body representing all Africans.

Promotion of Bantu Self Government Act (1959)

(Grand) Divided the African population into 8 distinct ethnic groups later to 10. Each group assigned a White commissioner general to help each area to help make full transition to self gov.

Population Registration Act (1950)

(Petty) Created a national population register that classified each citizen into a group according to their race.

Population Classification Act (1950)

(Grand) Classified people by their characteristics such as language or appearances. Process was arbitrary and was not based by scientific proof.

Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act (1949)

(Petty) Made it illegal for White South Africans to marry people of other races.

Immorality Act (1950)

(Petty) Banned all extra marital sexual relationships between whites and non-whites.

Reservation of Separate Amenities Act (1953)

(Petty) The strict segregation by race of all public amenities.

Pass Laws Act (1952)

(Grand) Replaced existing passbooks with more comprehensive documents. Africans were required to carry it at all times. Contained info such as employment record and tax payments.

Group Areas Act (1950)

(Grand) City centers were white only for residence purposes. Government could argue that public services for non-whites weren’t needed because they couldn’t stay there permanently.

Bantu Education Act (1953)

(Grand) Made it mandatory for schools to admit children from one racial group only and brought the education of Africans under the direct control of the Native Affairs Department.

Extension of University Education Act (1959)

(Grand) All universities required to admit students from just a single racial group or in the case of African universities. Each race and tribe given its own set of educational facilities and institutions.

Bantu Authorities Act (1951)

(Grand) Created new regional authorities for Africans which were based in reserves and dispensed with the Old Natives Representative Council an elected national body representing all Africans.

Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act (1959)

(Grand) Divided the African population into 8 distinct ethnic groups, later to 10. Each group assigned to a White commissioner general to help each area to make full transition to self-government.

Defiance Campaign

• ANC had to find a more effective response to apartheid laws

• Apply pressure on government and force it into repealing laws

• Civil disobedience, gain moral victory by being in spotlight, make prisons overflow.

Freedom Charter 

• Encapsulate political goals of the COP movements and the democratic aspirations of all people of South Africa 

• Constitution for a democratic, post-apartheid South Africa

Bus Boycotts

• Bus companies operating from the townships to raise fares in the city

• Reduce fare prices for transportation

• Spontaneous demonstrations that the government could not squash by stopping leader

Listening Campaign

Collect ideas and hopes for Freedom Charter .