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Declaration of Independence

public statement to the world explaining why the 13 British colonies were rebelling; it was written directly to King George III in a final attempt to reconcile with parliament; it was signed on July 4th, 1776

Constitution

formed our second government after the Constitutional Convention decided to throw out the Articles of Confederation and started new; this was an act of revolution and quietly overthrew the first government.

Second Treatise of Government

John Locke published this treatise in 1690; it argued that government was based on a contract between the people and their ruler; if a ruler broke the contract the people had the right to rebel

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

Thomas Jefferson wrote this statue that prohibited a state sponsored religion and became the foundation of the freedom of religion clause in the constitution

Federalist No. 10

written by James Madison; argued that a federal republic would guard against factions seizing control of the government

Federalist No. 51

written by either Madison or Hamilton; argued the separation of powers would protect the rights of the people

Federalist No. 59

written by Alexander Hamilton; argued that Congress should have the final say in presidential elections

Washington's Farewell Address

this was not a speech, but was printed in a Philadelphia newspaper and warned the young nation to stay away from permanent peace time alliances, political parties, sectionalism and to excuse himself from a third term

Enlightenment

a time period when people believed that the physical world and human nature was governed by laws; through reason and logic these laws could be discovered

Republic

a government in which the people choose the leaders Articles of Confederation - first government after independence was achieved; it failed because too much power was given to the states

Constitutional Convention

a meeting called together to fix the Articles of Confederation; they threw out the Articles and formed a new government under the constitution

Great Compromise

Congress would be divided into two houses; in the House of Representatives voting would be based on population (larger states would have more votes) and in the Senate each state would have an equal number of votes (2 each)

Three-Fifths Compromise

a slave was counted as 3/5s of a person for counting populations in the House of Representatives

Federalists

supported the constitution because most of the power rested with the federal government

Anti-Federalists

opposed the constitution because they wanted more power to go to the states

Bill of Rights

the Anti-Federalists fear they would lose their civil rights (natural rights or inalienable rights) if they were not explicitly written out; the federalists argued that the states would protect the people's civil rights; the first 10 amendments to the constitution explicitly states what our civil rights are

Shay's Rebellion

Daniel Shay led a rebellion of 1,200 farmers against new taxes; the state militia was called out to put it down; it showed how weak the federal government

Whiskey Rebellion

rebellion because the new government began to tax whiskey which was used a money on the frontier; George Washington rode out west with a big army to crush the rebellion; when he arrived everyone had run away.

Kentucky &Virginia Resolutions

these were written anonymously and attacked the Alien and Sedition Acts; they fostered the concept that if a state deemed a law unconstitutional it did not have to obey the law

Sedition Act

this made it illegal to criticize the government; penalties were fines, imprisonment and expulsion from the country

Marbury v. Madison

gave the Supreme Court the power to review the constitutionality of any law or Presidential act

McCulloch v. Maryland

upheld the constitutionality of the US Bank by applying the "implied powers of congress" clause from the constitution

Cohens v. Virginia

reasserted the federal authority of the federal courts over the state courts; when states joined the union they give up some of their rights for the protection of the federal government

Gibbons v. Ogden

strengthened federal power over interstate trade by declaring that only the federal government could oversee interstate trade

First Industrial Revolution

occurred before the Civil War (1800-1860) and focused mainly in the north with manufacturing and textile mills.

Voltaire

advocated civil liberties such as freedom of religion and free trade

Rousseau

created the theory of modern republicanism

Baron de La Brede et de Montesquieu

created the concept of separation of powers in a government

John Locke

philosopher that stated all men had natural rights; to protect those rights people formed governments (a contract) and when those rights are violated by the government then the contract was broken and the people can rebel to form a new government

James Madison

main author of the Constitution and fourth president of the United States

George Washington

General of the Continental Army during the American Revolution and first President of the United States

John Adams

Second President of the United States

Thomas Jefferson

main author of the Declaration of Independence and the third President of the United States

Fredrick Douglass

former slave who published his own abolitionist newspaper called the North Star

Andrew Jackson

President of the United States during a time in which the average person gained a greater role in the republican government and individuals tried to reform society

Abigail Adams

wife of John Adams; she warned her husband to "remember the ladies" when he was at the Constitutional Convention

John Marshall

first Chief Supreme Court Justice of the Supreme Court; the Marshall Court established the power of the Supreme Court in the new republic through choosing to hear key court cases