Anatomy & Physiology SCIOLY

protection

basic function of the respiratory system

-enables protective and reflective non-breathing air movements such as coughing and sneezing

ventilation

basic function of the respiratory system

-the exchange of gases

respiration

basic function of the respiratory system

-supply oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from blood as it circulates through the body (external, not cellular)

regulating blood pH

basic function of the respiratory system

-involves carbon dioxide in the blood stream and pH

*more co2 in the bloodstream, the lower the pH of blood

speech

basic function of the respiratory system

-involves vocals

protection, ventilation, respiration, regulating blood pH, speech

5 basic functions of the respiratory system

diaphragm muscle

R: respiratory system is controlled in mammals by the _____ _____

thoracic cavity

R: what decreases in size when the diaphragm relaxes?

contracts

R: when the diaphragm _____ it pulls downward, adding size to the thoracic cavity

intercostal muscles

R: muscles that pull upwards on the ribcage when the diaphragm contracts

-adds more space to the thoracic cavity

-when diaphragm relaxes, it pushes upward on the lungs

-these muscles push downward on the ribcage when diaphragm relaxes

intercostal muscles

R: when diaphragm relaxes, these muscles decrease the volume while increasing their internal pressure

lose

R: when diaphragm contracts, the lungs gain volume and ____ pressure, causing a partial vacuum

-having no choice but to follow the laws of nature, air follows the pressure gradient and rushes into the lungs

pressure gradient

R: what air follows when rushing in the lungs

quiet breathing

R: muscles contract voluntarily to let air in the lungs (active process) but muscles relax when you exhale (passive process)

active process

R: muscles contract voluntarily allowing air in

passive process

R: muscles contract voluntarily in both inspiration and expiration

upper respiratory system

R: consists of the organs from the nostrils to the pharynx, in order of where the air passes

nose

R: upper respiratory system

air is taken in through the ____

nostrils

R: upper respiratory system

the _____ are one of the two places where air enters and exits respiratory system

nostrils

R: what part of the upper respiratory system has hair to trap dirt, dust particles, and bacteria?

nasal septum

R: upper respiratory system

part that separates the nasal cavities

nasal conchae

R: upper respiratory system

three bones of the ____ ____ provide more surface area inside the nose, as they are rolled up like conch shells

respiratory mucosa

R: upper respiratory system

lines the nasal cavity and has tiny cilia that move dirty muscus towards the outside of the nostrils

lacrimal glands

R: upper respiratory system

secrete tears that flow across the eye's surface and drain through the corner of the eye into nasolacrimal ducts and nasal cavities

-why nose runs when you cry

lacrimal puncta

R: corner of the eye

sinuses

R: air spaces in the skull that lighten the weight of the head

-open into nasal cavities to receive air and are lined with mucous membranes

pharynx

R: air passes through the ____ on its way to the lungs

choana

R: the area between the nasal cavities and the pharynx

nasopharynx

R: the top part of the throat where the nasal cavities drain

-beyond the soft palate

hard palate

R: bony plate that separates the mount from the nose

-can be felt at the roof of the mouth

oral cavity

R: medical name for the mouth

nasal cavity

R: medical name for the nose

soft palate

R: the soft part on the root of the mouth nearer the back of the throat

-moves backward when you swallow so the nasopharynx is blocked, ensuring you don't inhale your food

oropharynx

R: back of the mouth

-extends from the uvula to the level of the hyoid bone

epiglottis

R: a cartilage structure that guides materials passing through to either the trachea or esophagus, depending on material

-covers the glottis and blocks food from getting into the larynx when swallowing

-in the back of the mouth

laryngopharynx

R: the lower part of the throat adjacent to the laryx

larynx

R: aka the voice box

-triangular structure

thyroid cartilage

R: aka the adam's apple

-apex of triangle structure larynx

glottis

R: opening through which air passes

vocal cords

R: inside the glottis

-gather mucous membranes that cover ligmaents

-pushing more over these make the sound louder, tightening these narrows the glottis making a higher-pitched sound

trachea

R: tube that runs from the larynx to just above the lungs

-aka windpipe

-divides into 2 branches behind the sternum

-made of smooth muscle and cartilage, allowing airways to contract and expand

primary bronchi

R: the trachea divides into two large branches behind the sternum and enter each lung. these branches are known as what?

trachea and bronchi

R: both the ____ ___ _______ are made of smooth muscle and cartilage, which allows airways to contract and expand

lungs

R: large paired organs within the chest cavity on either side of the heart

-protected by the rib cage

diaphragm

R: a powerful muscle fixed to the lower ribs, sternum, and lumbar vertebrae

diaphragm

R: what do the lungs sit atop?

heart

R: organ that sits in a cavity known as the mediastinum

mediastinum

R: cavity between the two lungs

lobes, segments, lobules

R: the lungs are separated into ____, then ____, then ____

(biggest to smallest)

3

R: how many lobes for right lung

2

R: how many lobes for left lung

thoracic cavity

R: lungs are sealed off from the inside surface of what?

-aka chest cavity

pleurae

R: substance that seals lungs off from the inside surface of the thoracic cavity

-two layers

visceral pleurae

R: covers the outer surface of the lungs

parietal pleurae

R: covers the inside surface of the thoracic cavity

pleural cavity

R: potential space between the two pleurae

-contains intapleural fluid

intrapleural fluid

R: lubricating fluid that is contained in the pleural cavity

4 mmHg

R: pressure between two pleurae is how much lower than that of the atmosphere and inside of the lungs?

mmHg

R: abbreviation for millimetres of mercury

visceral pleurae, parietal pleurae

R: the outer surfaces of the ___ ____ are always "stuck" to the internal surface of the ___ ___

-lungs are inflated in this way due to pressure difference

bronchi

R: secondary and tertiary branches of the primary bronchus inside the lungs

bronchioles

R: tertiary bronchi divide into smaller branches known as ________

terminal bronchioles

R: the smallest bronchioles

alveolar sacs

R: grape cluster-like structures

-at the end of the smallest bronchioles

alveoli

R: each alveolar sac contains ____ (the individual grapes)

-walls are composed of a simple squamous epithelium designed to facilitate rapid diffusion and elastic tissue

-wrapped with capillaries

respiratory membrane

R: the interface of simple squamous epithelium of the alveolus and pulmonary capillary

-single-fused boundary between alveolar and pulmonary capillary lumens

respiratory membrane

R: where gas exchange takes place

-blood vessels criss cross each alveolus, providing a large surface area for gas exchange between

respiratory membrane

R: where carbon dioxide is eliminated

-flows into the air in your lungs and you breathe it out

diaphragm

R: a dome-shaped muscle separating the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

-contracts downwards (flattens) during inspiration

motor phrenic nerves

R: nerves that contract and relax the diaphragm

diaphragm

R: muscle that can exert pressure on the abdominal cavity, helping expel vomit, feces, and urine

spirometer

R: tool of measurement for pulmonary volume

12-20 cycles per minute

R: normal breathing rate

-totals to 17,000+ breaths daily

tidal volume

R: the volume of air inspired or expired in a regular breath

-aka TV

tidal volume

R: pulmonary volume at 500 mL

inspiratory reserve volume

R: the maximum amount of air that can be inspired after breathing in normally

-aka IRV

inspiratory reserve volume

R: pulmonary volume at 3000 mL

expiratory reserve volume

R: the maximum amount of air that can be expired after breathing out normally

-aka ERV

expiratory reserve volume

R: pulmonary volume at 1100 mL

residual volume

R: the amount of air still remaining in the respiratory passages and lungs after a maximum expiration

-aka RV

residual volume

R: pulmonary volume at 1200 mL

functional residual capacity

R: ERV + RV

(expiratory reserve volume + residual volume)

inspiratory capacity

R: TV + IRV

(tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume)

vital capacity

R: IRV + TV + ERV

(inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume)

total lung capacity

R: IRV + ERV + TV + RV

(inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + residual volume)

6000 mL

R: what is the normal total lung capacity in a healthy male adult?

pulmonary ventilation

R: TV (tidal volume) + respiratory rate

respiratory rate

R: the total volume of gas entering the lungs per minute

alveolar ventilation

R: [TV (tidal volume) - dead space] * respiratory rate

respiratory rate

R: ALVEOLAR VENTILATION: the volume of gas per unit time that reaches the alveoli, the respiratory portions of the lungs where gas exchange occurs

dead space ventilation

R: dead space * respiratory rate

respiratory rate

R: DEAD SPACE VENTILATION: the volume of gas per unit time that doesn't reach these respiratory portions, instead remaining in the airways

breathing

what can be controlled both unconsciously and consciously?

brain stem

R: when not being actively controlled, what is breathing controlled by?

medulla oblongata and pons

R: parts of the brain stem that control unconscious breathing

anaerobic exercise

R: zone that the body enters during strength training

-triggers anaerobic metabolism, so the brain stem increases breathing

cerebral cortex

R: part of the brain that controls conscious breathing

gas exchange

R: steps of what process:

1. Oxygen in air dissolves into fluid lining the alveolus and diffuses through alveolar wall and capillary wall.

2. Oxygen enters blood plasma inside capillary. Gas exchange occurs in the capillary beds.

3. Oxygen binds to oxyhemoglobin in red blood cells.

4. Carbon dioxide diffuses out of blood plasma and into air in alveolus.

5. Oxygenated blood leaves heart and circulates through capillaries to tissue.

6. Red blood cells arrive at tissue, rich in oxygen that binds to the hemoglobin in the tissue.

7. Oxygen leaves hemoglobin in red blood cells and diffuses across blood capillary walls and into tissue cells.

8. Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue into blood plasma, which carries red blood cells into lungs. Completely dissociated hemoglobin enters the lung in red blood cells ready to be oxygenated.

transport of gases

R: ____ __ _____ in the blood is essential to life

capillary beds

R: gas exchange occurs in the ____ ____