ENSC 105W - Quiz 2

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How do you maximize communication?

Using reader-centred prose (What does your audience need to know?)

What are the 3 sections reader-centred prose breaks down into?

Personal style, disciplinary style, and cognitive style

What is/are the magic numbers for short term memory?

7 plus/minus 2 items, or 4 items

What are the 3 important considerations to minimize memory load?

Teamwork, Coordination, Training.

Minimizing memory load: What is teamwork?

Emphasize team member participation in planning and managing each project, encourage team building, and increase lateral communications between functional departments

Minimizing memory load: What is coordination?

Develop balanced resource planning, Require marketing to solidify commercial specifications before commitment to build, and increase the involvement of senior management in the project process and coordinating the functional departments.

Minimizing memory load: What is training?

Provide formal project management training to all members of the project group, and develop an effective bid-response system.

What are some examples of basic patterns of organization?

A sequence of events through time, a comparison of similarities and differences, a general point followed by a more detailed explanation and/or specific examples

How should lists be organized?

Make the list grammatically parallel, all items should have something in common, restrict to no more than 5 points, clarify how items are related (use bullet points, numbers, etc.)

What are examples of relational language?

First… second, Before… after, Above… below, etc.

What are some conventional forms?

Business Letters, Memos, Résumés, Cover Letters, Experiments, Article Reviews

What is parallelism?

using the same or similar words in a sentence in order to emphasize information given.

How many times should you repeat important information?

3

What is providing general frameworks?

Not overwhelming your reader with too much detail in order to help them easier understand a piece of information (organize essential details using lists, tables, graphs, maps, and illustrations)

What is cognitive interference?

a result of improper formatting which makes a document difficult to read.

Why is formatting so important?

Readers make judgements based on what they say (form is persuasive)

What is the difference in grades between a well-formatted assignment vs a poorly formatted assignment

10-15%

Who were essays invented by?

Michel de Montaigne

why is the five paragraph essay form generative?

it often helps those with limited ideas to partly explore a topic

why is the five paragraph essay form constraining?

it may prevent gifted thinkers from a more complete or different exploration of the topic

What is white space used for?

White space is used to separate different elements of a document, it also indicates to readers the relative complexity of a document.

Why is serifed font easier to read than a sans serif font?

it allows readers to easily distinguish between the identical “pen strokes” that are parts of different letters

What is the issue with underlining?

underlining mixed lower/upper case text makes reading more difficult by slowing the reader down because it cuts off the descenders

What is the issue with capitalizing?

text formatted using only upper case letters is more difficult to read than text formatted using a mixture of lower case and upper case.

What should you avoid when hyphenating?

Avoid use in subheadings/headings, avoid hyphenating 3 times in a row, do not hyphenate proper nouns, do not hyphenate the last word, hyphenate correctly.

What is more aesthetically pleasing but harder to read? Full justification or ragged right margin?

Full justification

What is more easier to read but less aesthetically pleasing? Full justification or ragged right margin?

Ragged right margin

What is the position of emphasis? (from top left to bottom right)

More emphasis → less emphasis → less emphasis → more emphasis (Z shape)

What are the elements of a paragraph structure?

set of sentences around a common theme, follow a relative pattern of general to specific organization, rarely longer than wide, follow common patterns: deductive, inductive, and sequential, organization depends upon an idiosyncratic blend of the preceding four points

What is the model for the culture English?

Linear

What is the model for the culture Semitic?

Layered

What is the model for the culture Oriental?

Cyclical

What is the model for the culture Romance?

Digressive

What is the most common English paragraph pattern?

General to specific (deductive)

What is the less common English paragraph pattern?

Specific to general (inductive)

What are some elements to the inductive and deductive paragraph patterns?

Spatial description, Statement then illustration, Statement then supporting evidence, Definitions (extended), Compare and contrast

What are some elements to the sequential paragraph pattern?

Depends on the genre, Chronological, Procedural, Instructional, Cause and effect

In the coniferous trees organization figure, what is coordinate to each other?

Pine, Cedar, and Hemlock

In the coniferous trees organization figure, what is subordinate to Cedar?

Red and Yellow

In the coniferous trees organization figure, what is superordinate to Pine, Cedar, and Hemlock?

Coniferous trees

In the coniferous trees organization figure, what is coordinate to coniferous trees? (Not shown)

Deciduous trees

First rule for analyzing paragraph organization?

Number the sentences in each paragraph.

Second rule for analyzing paragraph organization?

Locate the most general statement. That’s level 1.

Third rule for analyzing paragraph organization?

Mark the remaining sentences as level 2, 3, 4... Note if the relationship is subordinate (more specific) or coordinate (on the same level of generality).

Fourth rule for analyzing paragraph organization?

Paraphrase the main point of each sentence.

Fifth rule for analyzing paragraph organization?

List the subjects of the main clauses of all of the sentences. They should be the same topic or suggest a logical progression.

What categories help define your audience?

Power, Age, Needs/Values, Expertise (PANE) or Capability, Attention, Motivation, Perception (CAMP)

What should you consider when presenting in a small, medium, or large room?

Doesn’t work well in a small room, medium rooms can pose problems of screen size and lack of audio-visual equipment, large rooms require more movement and voice skills

What should you consider when presenting in external vs internal lighting?

As long as the font contrasts with the background, your choice doesn’t matter much in rooms lacking windows , but in rooms with external lighting, a dark background with light fonts is often most effective

What is the general font size for presentations for titles, main points, subpoints, and references

Titles → 36 Main points → 24 subpoints → 20 references → 16

How long do hiring managers review your resume?

20 seconds

On average, how long do recruiters or hiring managers take to read your resume?

6-7 seconds

What is the order of the co-op canvas courses you must complete?

Prep → Seeking → Working

What is the large thumb of rule for punctuation?

Punctuating where you pause when reading the sentence aloud (60-70% accurate).

What is the medium thumb of rule for punctuation?

Punctuating according to structural relationships (about 95% accurate).

What is the small thumb of rule for punctuation?

Punctuating according to the grammatical rules (almost 100% accurate).

What are the levels that experts follow when editing their paper from most important to least?

Content/Argument quality, paragraph organization, format conventions, persuasive/Informative emphasis, sentence structure and style, grammar, punctuation, and spelling

What are the levels that novices follow when editing their paper from most important to least?

Grammar, punctuation, and spelling, sentence structure and style, persuasive/informative emphasis, format conventions, paragraph organization, content/argument quality

What is the formula for the Flesch-Kincaid grade level?

(.39 x Average Sentence Length) + (11.8 x Average Number of Syllables per Word) – 15.59

What is the order of punctuation as cognitive space from least space to most?

/, -, space, comma, (), —, ;, :, ., !, ?, ¶ (semicolon and colon r the same as well as exclamation mark and question mark)

What is the pattern for noun strings?

(Adjective) Noun Noun Noun (Adjective) Noun

What is the royal order for adjectives?

Determiner, Observation, Physical Description, Origin, Material, Qualifier, Noun (DOPODMQN)

What is the pattern for punctuation?

Subject/Verb/Object, and, Subject/Verb/Object, Introduction Subject/Verb/Object

Principles of Persuasion: What does the persuasive paper focus on?

Focus on feelings and values (Audience)

Principles of Persuasion: What does the information paper focus on?

Focus on perceptions and cognitions (Reader)

What is connotation?

an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning.

What is the equation for data-ink ratio? (tufte’s measures: maximize data ink ratio)

data ink/total ink used in graphic

What is the equation for data density? (tufte’s measures: maximize data density)

number of entries in data matrix/area of data graphic

What is the equation for lie factor? (avoid lie factors)

size of effect shown in graphic/size of effect in data

What is the bloom’s taxonomy figure? (top to bottom)

Create, evaluate, analyze, apply, understand, remember

what are the key points for cognitive domain?

Knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation

what are the key points for the affective domain?

receiving phenomena, responding to a phenomena, valuing, organization, internalizing values

what are the key points for the psychomotor domain?

perception, mindset, guided response, mechanism, complex overt response, adaptation, origination

What is the dualistic mental model?

Analyzes problems as black and white. Based upon supposedly universal values

what is the relativistic mental model?

Analyzes problems as shades of grays. Based upon supposedly personal values.

what is the probabilistic mental model?

Analyzes problems based upon the balance of probabilities. Based upon supposedly logical values.

what is the commitment mental model?

Analyzes problems based upon all of the above. Based upon values derived from experience.

what is the hierarchy of arguments from top to bottom?

refuting the central point, refutation, counterargument, contradiction, responding to tone, ad hominem, name calling