Unit 7 APUSH Terms: Chapter 21

Taylorism (Early 1900s)

1) A system of scientific management created and promoted by Frederick Winslow Taylor to improve the efficiency of business.

2) Emphasized observing individual workers and eliminating inefficient and time-wasting practices in order to increase productivity.

3) Part of the Progressive Era's focus on fostering efficiency, it was embraced by reformers and business owners who wanted to increase profits, and Henry Ford's assembly line was a product of this system. However, it was despised by Unions and laborers who felt that it reduced workers to machines.

Jacob Riis (1890)

1) Muckraking journalist who exposed the desperate conditions of tenements in city slums

2) Wrote a bestselling book entitled How the Other Half Lives

3) His photographs helped lead to urban reforms

John Muir (Late 1800s)

1) Influential preservationist and founder of the Sierra Club (environmental club)

2) Has been called "The Father of Our National Parks" 3) Was friends with Theodore Roosevelt and convinced him as President to set aside land for protection

Booker T. Washington (Late 1800s)

1) Former slave who became a leading advocate of black civil rights during the Progressive Movement

2) Stated in his "Atlanta Compromise" speech that blacks must accept segregation in the short term and focus on attaining economic equality before demanding full political equality

3) Founded the Tuskegee Institute which taught blacks industrial skills

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

1) Federal law that tried to prevent the creation of monopolies

2) Part of Progressives' focus of curbing the power of big businesses

3) Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by closing loopholes that had allowed certain business practices that restricted competition

Ida B. Wells (1902)

1) Influential journalist and black civil rights activist after the Civil War

2) Risked own life by leading an anti-lynching crusade 3) Through extensive research learned about the injustices surrounding the numerous lynchings of blacks and exposed them in her newspaper

Robert La Follette (Early 1900s)

1) Wisconsin governor who brought about many democratic reforms in the state's politics and then U.S. Senator

2) He introduced the idea of direct primaries and the referendum which empowered citizens to vote on local issues and tried to regulate railroads more

3) His "Wisconsin Idea" which incorporated professors in the law-making process (in order to curb the power of business) was the model for state progressive government

Square Deal (1901-1909)

1) Name of President Theodore Roosevelt's domestic policy that focused on conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection

2) It aimed to help the middle class by increasing the role of the federal government

3) Term was first used during a coal miners' strike when the President sought a fair settlement between the company and workers

The Jungle (1906)

1) Novel written by Upton Sinclair that exposed the unsanitary meatpacking conditions and poor working conditions

2) The book was based on the author's observations of Chicago stockyards

3) Led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act

Federal Reserve Act (1914)

1) Created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board

2) An attempt to provide the United States with a sound but flexible currency

3) Still around today and has helped to curb the number of panics/recessions facing the U.S. economy

W.E.B. DuBois (Early 1900s)

1) Famous black civil rights activist after the Civil War and founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

2) First African American to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard University

3) Demanded full political and social equality for blacks immediately

Black Great Migration (1910-1930)

1) Refers to when millions of African Americans moved from the South to North

2) The lure of new job opportunities in the North due to World War I openings, crop (cotton) failures in the South, and harsh segregation in the South triggered this 3) Led to an increase in racial discrimination in Northern cities and various race riots in places like Chicago

Alice Paul (1910s)

1) Famous suffragist and women's activist who founded the National Women's Party

2) Led demonstrations and hunger strikes for women's suffrage which led to her imprisonment

3) She eventually convinced President Wilson to support women's suffrage and later fought for the Equal Rights Amendment (which did not pass)

Nineteenth Amendment (1920)

1) Guaranteed women's right to vote

2) Prior to this, women could vote in some states in certain elections but now could vote in every election in all states

3) Susan B. Anthony fought hard for the passage of this but died shortly before its ratification

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911)

1.) In 1911, a fire broke out at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in New York City. Inside, some 500 workers, mostly young Jewish and Italian immigrant women, worked at sewing machines, earning as little as three dollars per week. Those who tried to escape the blaze discovered that the doors to the stairwell had been locked--the owner's way of discouraging theft and unauthorized bathroom breaks.

2.) The fire department rushed to the scene with water hoses, but their ladder could only reach the sixth floor. As the fire raged, girls leapt from the upper stories. By the time the blaze was put out, 46 bodies lay on the street and 100 more were found inside the building.

3.) This event led to accelerated efforts to organize the city's workers and the passing of state legislation for new factory inspection laws and fire safety codes. It became a became a classic example of why government needed to regulate industry.