Counseling Psych Midterm One

Counseling vs Clinical Psych

Counseling psychology focuses on helping individuals with personal, social, and emotional issues, while clinical psychology often deals with more severe mental health disorders.

Three Roles

Remedial, Preventative, Developmental

Remedial

Working with people to assist them in remedying existing problems

Preventative

Assisting individuals and groups in preventing the development of problems

Developmental

Assisting in discovering and enhancing their potential ex. skill training, workshops

Themes/Values of Counseling Psych

Strengths and optimal functioning, social justice and multicultural awareness, lifespan development and job growth, educational/brief/preventative counseling, Scientist-practitioner model

Strengths and Optimal Functioning

Difference in approach, provides more collaboration

Social Justice and Multicultural Awareness

Commitment to advocacy and social justice, with an emphasis on person-environment interactions

Lifespan Development and Job Growth

Whole person focus, with an emphasis on development and growth

Educational, brief, and preventative counseling interventions

24 sessions, 6 months. Whole group, small group, then individual.

 scientist-practitioner model

Science should inform practice, and practice should inform science

Late 1800s Industrial Revolution

Counseling for emotional problems, social advocacy, guidance for child welfare, career, and education began to emerge.

Freud and Psychoanalysis (1892)

Sigmund Freud developed the theory of psychoanalysis, which became influential in understanding the human psyche.

Frank Parsons and Choosing a Vocation (1911)

Parsons wrote Choosing a Vocation, which emphasized talent matching to ensure individuals found suitable jobs, particularly in factories.

Smith-Hughes Act (1917)

This act funded vocational education in schools to improve career preparation.

Ethics

Moral principles, can be based in religious philosophy, western based

Principle ethics/Aspirational (Virtue) ethics, APA Principles

The highest extent of ethics that you could work at, but you cannot necessarily be held to this standard. It emphasizes ideals and moral character, guiding individuals toward their highest potential.

Principle A: Beneficence and Nonmaleficence

Promote the welfare of individuals and avoid harm. Consider whether your choices help others and if they could cause harm, intentionally or unintentionally.

Beneficence

Do good

Nonmaleficence

Do no harm

Principle B: Fidelity and Responsibility

Be trustworthy and honor promises and obligations. Ensure that actions are based on truthfulness and loyalty. TRUST AND HONOR PROMISES.

Principle C: Integrity

Promote accuracy and honesty in all interactions, avoiding fraud and misrepresentation. BE TRUE

Principle D: Justice

Behave in ways that are fair and exercise reasonable judgment. Ensure equitable treatment for all individuals. BE FAIR

Principle E: Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity

Respect the dignity and cultural backgrounds of individuals, guarding against biases and supporting their autonomy. PEOPLES RIGHTS.

What are APA standards?

Enforceable guidelines for ethical practice in psychology, ensuring professional conduct and the welfare of clients.

Resolving Ethical Issues

Addresses how to manage conflicts between ethics and law, regulations, organizational demands, and other governing authorities.

Competence

Ensures psychologists do not practice outside the boundaries of their competence; they can seek additional training or supervision when dealing with unfamiliar groups.

Human Relations

Focuses on avoiding conflicts and suggests best practices for informed consent regarding risks and benefits.

Privacy and Confidentiality

Emphasizes the importance of confidentiality and trust, as well as the limits of confidentiality regarding client information.

Advertising and Other Public Statements

Suggests vigilance about claims psychologists make to avoid false or deceptive representations.

Record Keeping and Fees

Reviews proper maintenance and disposal of records, management of fees, and the prohibition of bartering.

Education and Training

Promotes accuracy in teaching and protects students in training programs; students may choose their own therapist.

Research and Publication

Overviews ethical processes in research, including informed consent, humane care of animals, and caution regarding inducements and deception.

Assessment and Ethical Practice

Reviews data protection and ethical assessment practices, ensuring that assessments consider cultural and language backgrounds.

Therapy Ethics

Overviews ethical behaviors in therapy, including the prohibition against sexual intimacies with clients and cautions regarding service termination.

Ethical Dilemmas

First, check how APA Standards indicate how one should proceed, then rely on five basic principles

Multicultural Counseling

is an approach that recognizes and respects the diverse cultural backgrounds of clients, emphasizing the importance of cultural competence in counseling practices.

Why multicultural counseling is needed

Mental health, social justice, “Respectful Model”

Race

Categorization based on physical traits (skin color)

Ethnicity

Belonging to a particular culture or region (cinnamon vs cherry jellybean)

Nationality

Where the person holds citizenship (jellybean brand)

Racism

Systematic privileging of one racial group while denying access to others

Cultural racism

Reflected in societal standards of beauty, morality, and desirability, influencing perceptions of what is normal or good

Sex vs Gender

Sex refers to the biological characteristics distinguishing male and female, while gender encompasses the roles, behaviors, and identities society associates with being male or female.

Microaggression

“Did that really just happen to me because i am a (blank person)…?”

Why is multiculural counseling needed

• Perceived and systemic racism negatively affect health outcomes of POC

  • They may drop out sooner than white clients

  • 53.3% reported a microaggression from their therapist

  • Lower therapy outcomes

All counseling is…

multicultural counseling

Multiculural Counseling Competence (MCC)

Knowledge, Awareness, Skills

Knowledge (MCC)

Specific knowledge about different cultural groups ex values, power, and oppression

Awareness (MCC)

Becoming aware of personal culture, biases, how these affect others, and learning to value differences

Skills (MCC)

Generating, recognizing, and implementing both verbal and nonverbal responses appropriately

Multicultural Orientation (MCO)

“Way of Being” with client; Humanistic. Humility, Comfort, Opportunities.

Humility (MCO)

Attitude that you don’t know more than your client

Comfort (MCO)

Are you comfortable talking/asking about cultures

Opportunities (MCO)

Don;t ignore topic about culture, embrace it

What does scientific research start with?

a question

Three levels of the Science-Practitioner Model

Consuming research, practicing clinical work scientifically, and producing research

Quantitative Research

Numerical, structured design, close-ended questions, researcher is uninvolved, large sample size, easily replicated

Qualitative Research

Non-numerical, texts and narratives, open-ended questions, whole thing instead of some numbers, research involved, small sample, finds the how and why, seeks to understand

Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR)

Used to combat bias

Mixed Methods

Done seperate (quant and qual), compared, put togehter, and interpreted

Work plays a huge role in…

mental health, wellbeing, sleep, relationships

Career Counseling

Foundation of counseling psychology, differentiates clinical and counseling

Frank Parsons

Father of vocational psychology and developed the trait-factor theory of career choice.

What did the vocational bureau established by Parsons do different

it was opened nights and weekends

Trait-Factor Model

A career counseling approach that matches individuals' traits and skills with job requirements, emphasizing self-assessment and informed decision-making. (person-environment fit)

Career Psychology

Area of counseling psychology concerned with how individuals develop interests, choose career paths, and make decisions.

Work/Vocational Psychology

Focuses on a wide range of work-related issues, including work stress, unemployment, and work ethic, which governs work behavior.

I/O Psychology

The study of human behavior in organizations and the workplace, concentrating on solving problems at work.

Career Counseling

Helps individuals explore themselves and career paths, make decisions, obtain jobs, and review resumes.

Holland's Theory of Types

A central component of counseling psychology that evolved into an important field of research and practice, focusing on matching individual abilities to job requirements.

RIASEC Model

A model that emphasizes the roles of personal interests within job environments, categorizing jobs into six types: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional.

Social-Cognitive Learning Theories

Theories that involve personal beliefs and choices affecting career paths, exemplified by a narrative where a person’s interests and abilities shape their career trajectory.

Developmental Theories

Theories that focus on how career choices are made and the development of career decisions over a lifetime, gaining prominence in the mid-20th century.

Super's Life-span, Life-space Theory

A theory that altered career guidance by emphasizing stages of career development and the ongoing nature of career choices throughout an individual's life.

Gottfredson's Circumscription Theory

A developmental approach that addresses how individuals go through stages of individual development and make career choices based on what they perceive to be viable.

Work Values

Factors that influence career choice, which individuals can rank, such as autonomy and salary.

Array of Career Interventions

Varied approaches, from classroom activities to individualized counseling, tailored to clients' social identities and counseling objectives.

Indecisive Clients in Career Counseling

Clients who pose ongoing challenges in career counseling, where strategies from psychotherapy can be beneficial in addressing their indecisiveness.

Late 1800s to Early 1900s

Early interest in intelligence, reaction time, and muscle strength emerged during this period.

Vocational Testing in WWI & WWII

Military utilized vocational testing to assess and place individuals in suitable roles.

1950s-1960s Testing

An emphasis on testing traits and skills, achievement tests, and personality assessments became prevalent.

Assessment Standards

Counseling psychologists use assessments for diagnosis, self-awareness, treatment planning, educational placement, monitoring progress, and counseling.

Reliability in Assessments

The consistency with which an assessment measures a trait, including consistency over time and internal consistency.

Validity in Assessments

The extent to which scores represent what is intended to be measured, including face validity and construct validity.

Fairness in Assessments

Fairness refers to the reliability and validity of assessments across diverse individuals, accounting for socioeconomic differences.

Types of Assessments

Includes interest measures, personality measures, aptitude tests, achievement tests, intelligence tests, neuropsychological tests, and behavioral checklists.

Interest Measures Examples

Strong Interest Inventory and Kuder Occupational Interest Survey are examples of assessments to help individuals identify their interests.

Personality Measures

Include objective personality assessments like MMPI, projective assessments like inkblot tests, and the Big 5 personality assessment.

Aptitude Tests

Assess learning potential, including numerical, verbal, diagrammatic, and mechanical reasoning.

Intelligence Tests

Group tests like SAT predict job success, while individual tests like WAIS assess cognitive dysfunction and IQ.

Neuropsychological Tests

Utilize imaging techniques like fMRIs and PET scans to evaluate brain functioning and location.

Behavioral and Symptoms Checklists

Assess changes in behavior, cognition, and symptoms, providing indicators of treatment effectiveness.

Career Development Measures

Assess factors like indecisiveness and career maturity to aid in decision-making.

Administration and Conditions

Optimal test conditions should be distraction-free, and environmental factors should be carefully managed.

Johari Window

A tool for assessing clients that highlights blind spots in self-awareness, promoting discovery in the counseling process.

Barry Schreier - Guest Lecturer

Provides insights on counseling services available at the Campus Counseling Center.

Common Presenting Concerns

Anxiety, depression, relationship problems, stress, trauma, academic performance issues, suicide, and alcohol use.

Trends in Counseling Concerns

Stress levels are increasing while anxiety and depression may be decreasing, with individuals becoming better at differentiating between the two.

Benefits of Counseling

Counseling is effective; services can be accessed face to face or online, with an increasing preference for in-person visits while still valuing the option for online.