bio exam 2 using energy 1

what is kinetic energy

movement energy like heat + electricity

ex: movement around cells

waht can heat also be reffered to as

thermal energy

what is potential energy

stored energy in result to it’s position

ex: chemical energy in a bond due to arrangement of atoms

what is potential also called

enthalpy

what is a system

the object being studied(cell, body, ecosystem)

we’re always dealing with open systems

what is an open system

one where matter+ energy can be exchanged with system and it’s enviro

what is the 1st law of thermodynamics

conservation of energy

energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed, or transferred

what is the 2nd law of thermodynamics

total disorder of a reacting system increases

as changes occur in a chemical reaction, entropy increases

as a reacting system gets more ordered becomes a bigger complex, something else is getting disordered

what is entropy

a measure of disorder

what is spontaneous energy

a chemical reaction that occurs w/o energy investment

MORE potential energy in reactants than products

-delta G

what is nonspontaneous energy

a chemical reaction that needs an energy source

More enthalpy/potential energy in products than reactants

anabolic

+delta G=nonspontaneous

what is the equation for free energy

Delta G=Delta H-T times delta S

change in free energy=change in enthalpy-temperature(kalvin) times change in entropy

what is free energy

availability to do work

what is metabolism

chemical reactions of a living thing

what is a catabolic reaction

chemical energy=released, smth=broken down

negative delta G, spontaneous

what is anabolic

building smth up

posiitve delta G, nonspontaneous

what is ATP’s function

used by the cell to do work

you can couple the energy released by hydrolysis of ATP through phosphorylationwh

what do enyzmes do

decrease the energy of activation to increase reactions, take another route

what can free energy be changed by

enthalpy, entropy, temperature to make a reaction unfavorable

true or false

a nonspontaneous reaction can be coupled with a spontaneous reaction and the net pathway could be spontaneous

why is ATP used often

because it’s very spontaneous

what kind of element is ATP

a nucleotide

comes from ADP

which bond between where in ATP has high energy

the bond between the 2nd beta phosphate +3rd gamma phosphate

what energy facts about ATP would be good to know

they can be coupled

can be used to make nonspontaneous reactions spontaneous

what are general info about enzymes

are reusable + unchanged after a reaction

heat can speed up it’s reaction

structure=function

does not affect free energy

what happens when an enzyme is exposed to conditions tht change it’s shape

it is denatured

what is a substrate

the reactant that interacts with the enzyme

what is the active site

the place on the enzyme that the substrate binds to

what is the allosteric site

where an inhibiter binds to inhibit the enzyme, NOT the substrate

what is the ES complex

the complex found after the enzyme binds to a substrate

what happens when you increase substrate

you get a higher reaction rate until the enzymes are all in use/full

meaning that you’ve hit the max reaction speed/reaction velocity

what is km

the substrate concentration where we’ve reached half of the max velocity

what is max

the maximum rate of a reaction that you can achieve with a given amount of enzyme

what does an inhibitor do

slow down the reaction rate

what does a competive inhibitor do

bind to the active sites of the enzymes, blocking other substrates from using it at that time

increases Km, but does not affect max

what does a noncompetitive inhibitor do

binds to an allosteric site of the enzyme and changes the shape of the enzyme, blocking substrate binding or any reaction with a bound substrate

does not affect km but decreases vmax

anything that changes a protein structure….

has the ability to decrease/eliminate enymatic activity

what factors can denature enzymes

pH

temperature

specific denaturing agents like urea, beta, mercaptoethanol

mutation in gene