CHAPTER 6 -- great west & industry comes of age

Daniel Burnham

Architect; designed Chicago and other cities with a focus on modern planning

Louis Sullivan

“Father of the skyscraper”; promoted functional design (“form follows function”)

Dumbbell Tenements

Crowded urban apartments shaped like a dumbbell; poor ventilation, unhealthy living

Fundamentalists vs. Modernists

Religious divide: strict biblical interpretation vs. science/modern views

Morrill Act

Gave land to states to create agricultural and technical colleges

William Randolph Hearst

Newspaper publisher; used sensationalism and yellow journalism

Joseph Pulitzer

Newspaper publisher; rival of Hearst, also used yellow journalism

Yellow Journalism

Exaggerated, sensationalized news to attract readers

W.E.B. DuBois

Civil rights leader; wanted immediate equality, co-founder of NAACP

Booker T. Washington

Black leader who promoted education and gradual economic progress

NAACP

Civil rights group fighting segregation and inequality through legal means

A Century of Dishonor

Book by Helen Hunt Jackson; exposed mistreatment of Native Americans

Origin of Species

Charles Darwin’s book on evolution and natural selection

Pikes Peakers

Gold-seekers who rushed to Colorado during the gold rush

Long Drive

Cowboys moving cattle from Texas to railroad towns

Homestead Act

Free land given to settlers if they improved it for 5 years

Gold Standard of 1900

U.S. officially backed currency with gold only

Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851 & 1868)

Agreements with Native tribes; often broken by the U.S.

Frontier Line

The edge of settled U.S. land; declared “closed” by 1890

Battle of Wounded Knee

1890 massacre of Native Americans; ended Native resistance

Buffalo Soldiers

African American soldiers who fought in western wars

Bozeman Trail/Fetterman Massacre

U.S. soldiers killed by Sioux protecting their land

Sand Creek Massacre

Colorado troops killed Native women and children in 1864

Little Big Horn River

1876; Custer and troops defeated by Sioux & Cheyenne (with the help of the Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse)

Chief Joseph

Leader of Nez Perce; tried to flee to Canada but forced to surrender

Sitting Bull

Sioux leader; resisted U.S. expansion, present at Little Big Horn

Messiah Letter

Spread belief in the Ghost Dance movement among Natives

Carlisle Indian School

Boarding school to assimilate Native children into white culture

Dawes Act

Divided tribal land into private plots; weakened Native traditions

Significance of Barbed Wire

Ended open-range ranching, kept cattle in/out

Transcontinental Railroad

First rail line across the U.S.; connected East and West

Time Zones

Created to standardize train schedules across regions

1896 Presidential Election

McKinley (gold standard) vs. Bryan (silver/free coinage)

The Gospel of Wealth

Andrew Carnegie’s idea that the rich should help society