Medical Interventions Midterm Review

What is a pathogen

A specific causative agent of a disease

What is an outbreak

A sudden rise in the incidence of a disease

What did our ELISA test check for?

Antibody concentrations

Symptoms include chills and fever, malaise/fatigue, headaches, and a stiff neck (Hint: Sue had this)

meningitis

An epidemiologist

searches for patterns in disease outbreaks

Each colored peak on this graph represents

a different nucleotide

What sort of BLAST did we do?

nucleotide blast

An organisms genes, its genetic material:

Genome

The field of science that combines biology, computers, and information technology to store and analyze genetic data:

Bioinformatics

Why is PCR used in the process of genetic sequencing? 

To make enough copies of the DNA that it can be tested and measured

Bacteria can become resistant through transduction. What is transduction? 

When a virus called a bacteriophage moves fragments of DNA between cells

What is this small circle of DNA that can contain genes to create antibiotic resistance?

Plasmid

The arrow points to pieces of genetic material outside the bacterium. What is this called?

“Naked” DNA

In this image, what number represents the inner ear

17

what number represents the pinna

1

what part contains fuild and tiny sensory hairs to detect sound?

7

Hannah is a 38 year female performer who just finished touring with James Taylor and Carole King. Lately, she has noticed she has trouble distinguishing between certain sounds and has a difficult time hearing the higher voices of women and children. An audiologist has confirmed that she has a moderate high frequency sensorineural hearing loss in her left ear.

B. since the left ear is the one affected it should go lower

What percentage of nucleotide base pairs is similar between humans?

More than 99%

In thermal cycling, when the sample is heated, what happens to the DNA?

it denatures

In thermal cycling, when the sample is cooled, what happens to the DNA?

It anneals

What is PTC

Phenylthiocarbamide, tastes bitter to some individuals

What career would involve speaking with people about their genetic information and how it could affect them or their children?

genetic counselor

What is the name for the project that sequenced all the human genes?

Human Genome Project

What is a characteristic of a genetic disease?

Result of mutations in the genes, can be inherited, and can show up in a child whose parents seem normal.

How is a mother tested for gestational diabetes

Blood screen, then drink glucose, then test blood glucose over the course of three hours.

This second-trimester test helps determine the risk of spina bifida, anencephaly, and other neural tube defects 

AFP (Alpha Fetoprotein)

Involves using a large needle to extract and test part of the placenta

Chorionic Villi Sampling

An image of the chromosomes

Karyotype

DNA was compared between two people. The comparison revealed the presence of a T instead of an A at one location. What can be said about the two DNA segments? 

They contain a SNP

A person does not show any signs of having a disorder that runs in their family. What is the best way to determine if this person is heterozygous for this disorder? 

carrier screening

Single Gene Disorders

a. caused by changes or mutations in the DNA sequence of one gene which results in the production of a non-functional protein

Multifactorial Disorders

caused by a combination of environmental factors and mutations in mulitple genes which results in many of the most common chronic illnesses

Chromosomal Disorders

caused when there are missing or extra copies of genes, or breaks, deletions or rejoining of chromosomes

Mitochondrial Disorders

caused by mutations in non - chromosomal DNA which is passed from mother to child 

Which lane has gone through the most cycles of PCR in the gel electrophoresis figure to the right? 

You cannot tell from this gel

A woman is pregnant with her third child. Her doctor is concerned that the fetus may have an extra chromosome. What would be the best method to determine if this is true? 

make a karyotype

A disorder runs in a family. The disorder appears to be passed down from mother to daughter very frequently. This information suggests the disease is

a mitochondria disorder

Taq polymerase is used in PCR because it

is heat stable

A family was wondering about the heredity of a certain gene that causes early onset of Alzheimer's. This particular gene for the trait is dominant. One copy of the gene will cause early onset of Alzheimer's. Those who are homozygous recessive do NOT end up getting Alzheimer's at an early age, but may still develop it later on in life. The genetic mutation that causes the early onset gene occurs when a T is changed to a C. TaqI is the restriction enzyme used to cut these genes because it recognizes this sequence and cuts the DNA at the site of the mutation. Which family member(s) has (have) the faulty gene?  Choose all that apply.

Tonya and Thomas

What is the genetype of Tonya

TT

Which family member(s) is heterozygous for the gene?

Thomas

Taq DNA Polymerase (function)

a thermostable enzyme used to extend the DNA

Primers

designed to correspond to the start and end of the target DNA being amplified

Nucleotides

building blocks for new sequence

Buffer

maintains proper environment and pH for reaction; contains Magnesium

Template DNA

source of DNA that will be copied

Dolly the sheep was the result of

reproductive cloning

Which of the following is a type of vector for gene therapy that uses RNA as the carrier for genetic material instead of DNA?

Retrovirus

40. CRISPR uses ________ to direct  _______ to cut out the faulty gene of interest

guide RNA; Cas9 protein