Ch 11: Autonomic (Mastering) HW

frick my chungus life

Which statements apply to the parasympathetic division of the nervous system?

Its ganglia are on or near their target organs.

It is dominant during "resting and digesting" and its ganglia on or near their target organs.

Epinephrine is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic division.

It is dominant during "resting and digesting."

All of the statements apply.

It is dominant during "resting and digesting" and its ganglia on or near their target organs.

The adrenal medulla is important to the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system because it

is a source of catecholamines, is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion, and releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood.

releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood.

is a source of catecholamines.

is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion.

is a source of catecholamines and is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion.

is a source of catecholamines, is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion, and releases epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the blood.

Which has its cell body in a ganglion?

preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron

postganglionic neuron

preganglionic neuron

preganglionic neuron, postganglionic neuron, and somatic motor neuron

somatic motor neuron

postganglionic neuron

Which areas of the brain exert control over the autonomic nervous system?
1. cerebellum
2. hypothalamus
3. pons
4. medulla
5. thalamus

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

2, 3, 4

1, 2, 4

2, 4

1, 2, 3, 4

2,3,4

Sweat glands contain

alpha receptors.

beta receptors.

cholinergic receptors.

All of the answers are correct.

None of the answers are correct.

cholinergic receptors.

Increased parasympathetic stimulation

dilates the pupils.

increases heart rate.

increases gastric motility.

dilates blood vessels in the arms and legs.

increases sweat.

increases gastric motility.

Match the following with its description.

A. acetylcholine
B. norepinephrine
C. cholinergic nicotinic receptor
D. adrenergic receptor
E. cholinergic muscarinic receptor


parasympathetic tissue receptor

acetylcholine

norepinephrine

cholinergic nicotinic receptor

adrenergic receptor

cholinergic muscarinic receptor

cholinergic muscarinic receptor

Match the following with its description.

A. acetylcholine
B. norepinephrine
C. cholinergic nicotinic receptor
D. adrenergic receptor
E. cholinergic muscarinic receptor


target receptor for preganglionic neurons

acetylcholine

norepinephrine

cholinergic nicotinic receptor

adrenergic receptor

cholinergic muscarinic receptor

cholinergic nicotinic receptor

Match the following with its description.

A. acetylcholine
B. norepinephrine
C. cholinergic nicotinic receptor
D. adrenergic receptor
E. cholinergic muscarinic receptor


primary sympathetic neurotransmitter

acetylcholine

norepinephrine

cholinergic nicotinic receptor

adrenergic receptor

cholinergic muscarinic receptor

norepinephrine

Match the answers to the questions.

A. true only for the sympathetic division
B. true only for the parasympathetic division
C. true for both divisions


Most preganglionic neurons originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

true only for the sympathetic division

true only for the parasympathetic division

true for both divisions

true only for the sympathetic division

Match the answers to the questions.

A. true only for the sympathetic division
B. true only for the parasympathetic division
C. true for both divisions


The cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are found either in the brain stem or in the sacral region of the spinal cord.

true only for the sympathetic division

true only for the parasympathetic division

true for both divisions

true only for the parasympathetic division

Match the answers to the questions.

A. true only for the sympathetic division
B. true only for the parasympathetic division
C. true for both divisions


It releases norepinephrine at the neuroeffector synapse.

true only for the sympathetic division

true only for the parasympathetic division

true for both divisions

true only for the sympathetic division

Match the answers to the questions.

A. true only for the sympathetic division
B. true only for the parasympathetic division
C. true for both divisions


It is important during stress or emergencies (fight-or-flight).

true only for the sympathetic division

true only for the parasympathetic division

true for both divisions

true only for the sympathetic division

________ postganglionic sympathetic neurons secrete ________ onto their target cells.

Most, norepinephrine

All, acetylcholine

Most, acetylcholine

All, norepinephrine

Most, norepinephrine

If a physiological dose of an experimental drug was administered, and the subject responded to the chemical, which would indicate that this drug is an epinephrine agonist?

constriction of respiratory airways

decreased sweating

decreased heart rate

hypoglycemia (low blood glucose)

increase in fatty acids in the blood

increase in fatty acids in the blood.

If the results of an experimental drug treatment included pupil dilation, high blood pressure, and high blood glucose, which conclusion would be indicated?

It acts on alpha adrenergic receptors.

It acts on AMPA receptors.

It acts on muscarinic receptors.

It acts on beta adrenergic receptors.

It acts at the neuromuscular junction.

It acts on alpha adrenergic receptors.

A child is rushed to the hospital after taking one of his grandmother's blood pressure medications. He has a low blood pressure and is also having trouble breathing, with audible wheezing upon exhalation. Which class of drugs did the child most likely take?

ACE inhibitor

calcium channel blocker

beta blocker

diuretic

beta blocker

Match the response with the type of chemical.

A. sympathetic agonist
B. parasympathetic agonist


pupil dilation

sympathetic agonist

Match the response with the type of chemical.

A. sympathetic agonist
B. parasympathetic agonist


decreased activity in digestive tract

sympathetic agonist

The diameter of bronchioles varies under the control of __________ neurons, which cause the diameter to __________.

parasympathetic; either increase or decrease, depending upon the type of receptor present

autonomic; constrict under parasympathetic control and dilate under sympathetic control

sympathetic; either increase or decrease, depending upon the type of receptor present

autonomic; dilate under parasympathetic control and constrict under sympathetic control

autonomic; constrict under parasympathetic control and dilate under sympathetic control

Neurons in the parasympathetic pathway use which of the following neurotransmitters?

Acetylcholine

Acetylcholine (preganglionic) and norepinephrine (postganglionic)

Norepinephrine (preganglionic) and acetylcholine (postganglionic)

Norepinephrine

Acetylcholine

Sympathetic pathways originate in which regions of the spinal cord?

Thoracic and sacral

Cervical and sacral

Cervical and thoracic

Thoracic and lumbar

Thoracic and lumbar

A patient was exposed to a nerve gas during a chemical warfare attack. The nerve gas inhibited the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. What will happen to the amount of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, and how can this be treated?

The amount of acetylcholine will decrease; treat with a cholinergic receptor agonist.

The amount of acetylcholine will increase; treat with a cholinergic receptor agonist.

The amount of acetylcholine will decrease; treat with a cholinergic receptor antagonist.

The amount of acetylcholine will increase; treat with a cholinergic receptor antagonist.

The amount of acetylcholine will increase; treat with a cholinergic receptor antagonist.

Which nervous system division has parasympathetic and sympathetic branches?

The involuntary division of the afferent nervous system

The autonomic division of the efferent nervous system

The visceral division of the afferent nervous system

The somatic division of the efferent nervous system

The autonomic division of the efferent nervous system

   Which of the following characteristics is similar between the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches for most neurons?    

Neurotransmitter secreted from the preganglionic neuron.

Receptor type on the target tissues

Site of origin of the nerves

Neurotransmitter secreted from the postganglionic neuron.

 Neurotransmitter secreted from the preganglionic neuron.

Which is the main enzyme responsible for the breakdown of catecholamines?

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

Norepinephrine

Protein kinase A

Monoamine oxidase

Monoamine oxidase

Which adrenergic receptor subtype has the greatest sensitivity for epinephrine?

α1

β1

β2

β3

β₂

Which of the following is an effect of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Increased renin secretion

Increased heart rate

Decreased urination

Airway constriction

Airway constriction

A patient is prescribed a drug that increases neurotransmitter active transport in a synapse. What effect will this have?

Increased neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft and decreased signaling of target cells

Decreased neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft and decreased signaling of target cells

Decreased neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft and increased signaling of target cells

Increased neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft and increased signaling of target cells

Decreased neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft and decreased signaling of target cells

A patient with asthma is prescribed a β₂ ceptor agonist to stimulate bronchodilation. This drug will stimulate effects similar to ligands secreted from _____.

the adrenal medulla

somatic motor neurons

sympathetic postganglionic neurons

parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

the adrenal medulla

The motor end plate is

a special fibrous matrix whose collagen fibers hold the axon terminal in proper position.

the same as the synaptic cleft.

formed by the membrane of enlarged axon terminals, that lie on the surface of skeletal muscle cells.

the same as the neuromuscular junction.

a folded area of muscle cell membrane with ACh receptors clustered at the top of each fold.

a folded area of muscle cell membrane with ACh receptors clustered at the top of each fold.

The target tissues of somatic motor neurons are __________.

skeletal muscles

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles

cardiac and smooth muscles

skeletal and cardiac muscles

skeletal muscles

How is a neuroeffector junction different from a neuromuscular junction (NMJ)?

Acetylcholine is secreted in all neuromuscular junctions, but norepinephrine is secreted in all neuroeffector junctions.

There is no effective way of blocking (antagonizing) the effect of the autonomic nervous system, but blocking the somatic motor system is relatively easy.

Synapses of the somatic motor system receive input from the brain, whereas the autonomic nervous system signaling originates in the spinal cord.

Neurotransmitter receptors are concentrated on the postsynaptic membrane in the NMJ but diffusely arranged across the tissue in a varicosity in a neuroeffector junction.

Neurotransmitter receptors are concentrated on the postsynaptic membrane in the NMJ but diffusely arranged across the tissue in a varicosity in a neuroeffector junction.

Which type of receptor is found in the neuromuscular junction?

Muscarinic

Dopaminergic

Adrenergic

Nicotinic

Nicotinic

What stimulates ACh release into the synaptic cleft of a neuromuscular junction?

Acetylcholinesterase opens vesicles, allowing ACh to diffuse into the cleft.

An action potential opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the axon terminal.

Calcium enters the axon terminal to stimulate endocytosis of ACh.

Calcium diffuses into the synaptic cleft to stimulate acetylcholinesterase.

An action potential opens voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels in the axon terminal.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor is a common treatment for myasthenia gravis. Why does this help decrease some of the symptoms of this autoimmune disease?

AChE inhibition stimulates muscle cells to make ACh receptors.

AChE inhibition increases ACh in the synaptic cleft to bind remaining ACh receptors.

AChE inhibitors bind to the remaining ACh receptors.

AChE inhibition increases the breakdown of ACh.

AChE inhibition increases ACh in the synaptic cleft to bind remaining ACh receptors.

How many molecules of ACh bind to a cholinergic nicotinic receptor on a skeletal muscle cell?

One

Two

Three

Four

Two

What would be the effect of ACh binding to its receptor on a skeletal muscle cell?

Na+ would flow out of the cell, and K+ would flow into the cell.

Na+ would flow into the cell, and K+ would flow out of the cell.

Ca2+ would flow out of the cell, and Na+ would flow into the cell.

Ca2+ would flow into the cell, and Na+ would flow out of the cell.

Na⁺ would flow into the cell, and K⁺ would flow out of the cell.