Chapter 9 Vocabs Period 4 Apush

franchise

The right to vote. Between 1820 and 1860 most states revised their constitutions to a universal all white male suffrage.

political machine

organized group of insiders that directs a political party. They kept power through their political organization and relationship with voters, mostly working class immigrants. Usually run by professional politicians. They wove together the interests of diverse social and economic groups.

cacus

a meeting of key leaders who made policy decisions like choosing a candidates, making policies, and enforcing party disciplines on behalf of the group. Seen with Van Buren and his Bucktails’

internal improvements

Government-funded public works such as roads and canals. Clay wanted to strengthen tariff revenues to finance these improvements.

Tariff of Abominations

This Tariff of Abominations is basically another name for the Tariff of 1828 that northern Jacksonians and Adam and Clay supporters enacted to raise taxes on raw materials, textiles, and iron goods.

• Protective tariffs hurt the Southern planters because it raised the price on British imported which hurt them.

• An Alabama legislator declared it the Tariff of Abominations

states’ rights

Indian Removal Act of 1830

An act pushed by Jackson and approved by Congress directed the mandatory relocation of western tribes west of the Mississippi. Jackson insisted that his goal was to save the Indians and their culture(Seen the picture Great Father Andrew Jackson, 1836 pg 299). Indians resisted the act, but in the end most were forced to comply. Evangelical Protestant men and women opposed this. Women like Catharine Beecher and Lydia Sigourney composed a Ladies Circular that urged women to prayer that this act does not happen. Women from across the nation flooded Congress with petitions too. The Removal Act created the Indian Territory located in present-day Oklahoma and Kansas.

• By 1835 most tribes had move. Natives who rebaled agaisnt the act, Jackson would sent the troops to massacre and wiped the people out.

classical liberalism/laissez-faire

Limited the government's role in the economy. Believed that the gov. should not be involved  in economic or social life.

Panic of 1837

Second major economic crisis of the U.S. after the Panic of 1819, lasted from 1837 to 1843. Caused by a sharp reduction in English capital and credit flow in the United States that England thought would boost the British economy. Collapse credit which led to a depression and a cash shortage caused a panic. Threw the workers’ movement and America's economy into disarray.

Martin van Buren

• Was a New Yorker who was cheif architect of the an emerging system of party govnment

• Son of a Jeffersonian

• Van Buren created a political order based on party identity, not family connections and rejected traditional republcian belife.

• His party was called the “Bucktail” and their were the first statewide political machine

• The Bucktails won control of the New York legislature in 1821, they acquired power to appoint loyal party leaders and friends to powerful posisions in New York’s legal burreaucracy. This was Patronage

• Belived in Jefferson ideas of a weak goverment

• Was a Jacksonian who disliked the American System and Tariff of Abmonations

• Help handling Jackson’s campagin for presidency

• Became Jackson secertary of state

• Was the one who ordered Scott’s army to undergo the Trail of Tears

• Succeeded Jackson in the election of 1836

Daniel Webster

Roger B. Taney

Log Cabin Campaign

“The Democracy”

King ‘Mob’

republican motherhood

Young women were expected to be loyal "republican mothers" that would guide their sons to the path of liberty and the government. To have a sense of patriotism  and also help their sons and husband to have a sense of patriotism. Embraced by Christian ministers

notables

spoils system

American System

Henry Clay’s American System had three key elements

1. Protective tariffs to stimulate manufacturing

2. Internal Federally subsidized roads and canals to facilitate commerce. (Nationally funded)

3. A national bank to control credit and provided a uniform currency

   • Adpoted by John Qunicy Adams

   • Henery Clay system was clelberted in the Northwest,which needed better transportation

   • South criticzed this which relied on rivers to marker its cotton and had few manufacturing industries to protect.

corrupt bargain

nullification

The consitituional argument advaneced by John C. Calhoun that a state legislature or conevention could void a law passed by Congress, in The South Carolina Exposition and Protest by John C. Calhoun in 1828.

• South Carolina’s act of nullificiation argued that a state has the right to void, within it borders, a law passed by Congress

• Congress reenacted the Tariff of Abominations. Causing South Carolinian to adopted an Ordinance of Nullification prohibiting and declaring that tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were canceled and if collections of tariff happened in their states. They will leave the Union

Second Bank of the United State

Founded in Philadelphia in 1816 with regional bracnhed in the thirteen states. It was a national bank with multiple branches chartered in 1816 and was privately magned and opreated for 20 years by the federal governemnt(owned 20% of the bank’s stock). Intended to help regulate the economy, the bank became a major issue in Andrew Jackson’s reelection campaign in 1832.

The bank’s most important roles were to

• Increase the availability of credit

• Stabilize the nation’s money supply

  • primarily issued paper money by state-chartered banks

• The Second Bank kept state banks from issuing too much paper money and depleting its value by collecting notes from the state-chartered banks and regularly demanding specie(gold or sliver coins minted by the U.S. or foreign governments, these coins were few in circulation) sometimes called “hard” money

• Many bankers and entreprenuers in northern cictes like Boston, New York, and Philadelphia loved the Second National Bank

• Many Ordinary Americans worried that the 2nd Bank would force weak banks to close, leaving them holding worthless paer notes

• Jackson vetoed the rechartering of the Second Bank of the United State which helped him win reelection. He adpoting the position taken by Thomas Jefferson deemend that Congress had no consitutional rights to charter a national bank. He belived that the bank was dangerous to the liberties of the people and the rights of the States.

Trail of Tears

Ordered by President Martin Van Buren(who succeeded Jackson in the election of 1836) ordered General Winfield Scoot and his army to enforce the Treaty of New Echota(Cherokees would resettle in Indian Territory). Scott’s army rounded up 14,000 Cherokees(including mixed-race African Cherokees) and marched them 1,200 miles from Georgia(westward journey) to Kahoka. 3,000 Indians died of starvation and exposure. This was in 1838( 8 years after the Indian Removal Act) and nearly a quarter of the Cherokees died.

Whigs

• Arose in 1834

• Was against Andrew Jackson and his policies

• Identified themselves with pre-Revolutionary American and British parties also called Whigs(they opposed the actions of British monarchs)

• Saw Andrew Jackson as “King Andrew I” who had no regard for the Constitution

• Pro self-made business owners and entrepreneurs

• Pro-federalists

• More in the North then in the South

Specie Circular

An executive order that was issue by Jackson’s presidents in 1836 required the Treasury Department to accept only gold and silver in payment for lands in the national domain. Many Americans criticized and blamed Jackson and his party for the depression of 1837-1843 because of this.

John C. Calhoun

Nicholas Biddle

John Tyler

Andrew Jackson(what was his incl. nickname)

Second Party System

demographic transition

Sharp decline in birthrate beginning in 1790s caused by changes in cultural behavior including

• Birth control

  • Most URBAN middle-class couples after four or five childern used birth control or did not have sex or sexual intercourse

• Migration of thousands of young men to the trans-Appalachian west

  • This increased the number of never-married women in the East and delayed marriages for many more( hinting why women were marrying in their late 20s)

• Women were marring in their late twenties which means fewer childern

• White URBAN middle-class couples intentional limited the size of their families.

  • Father wanted to leave their childern(all of them) an equal large amount of inheritance

  • Mother, influenced by new ideas of individualism and self-achievement refused to spend their adulthood taking care of childern.

Missouri Compromise

Balancing act between slave and free states; Missouri admitted as a slave state, Maine as free.

Established a line (36-30) to separate future slave and free territories. -Below slavery would be permitted above no slavery(expect Missouri)

Henry Clay speaker of House proposed this compromise