Reading & Writing Q-3

TEXT

A large unit of written language and group of ideas put together to make a point or one central idea. Has a structure which requires the ideas in the discourse to be relevant to each other.

Text

An actually connected discourse. Is made up of words or sentences (for written).

DISCOURSE

utterance, talk, speech, discussion, and conversation, an extended expression of thoughts or ideas. The ideas in ____ are not connected or do not have a particular structure.

Discourse

is the use of such words or sentences. Is made up of utterances having the property of coherence. Is viewed as a process, Meaning is derived through the readers interaction with the text. It is a set of utterances which constitute any recognizable speech event. Ex. a conversation, a joke, a sermon, an interview and etc.

READING

is a cognitive process of decoding symbols to derive meaning from a text. It is always an interaction between the text and the reader. We read to gain and share information and ideas, whether for academic, personal, or professional purposes.

Brainstorming

is a large or small group activity that encourages you to Focus on a topic and continue to the free flow of ideas.

Time Travel

can go to the past or future, How would you deal with this if you were in a different time period?

Teleportation

moving from one location to another

Attribute Change

if you were in a different gender, age, race, intellect, height, weight, nationality, and your sanity.

Role Storming

if you were someone else: parent, teacher, partner, manager, best friend, enemy, and etc.

Iconic Figures

what if you were a famous important person in the past.

Superpowers

another spinoff of role storming. What if you have superpowers like spiderman, superman, X men, wonder woman, and the Hulk.

Gap Filling

Fill in the Blanks

Group Ideation

Brainstorming Session

Mind Map

Great tool to work out as many ideas as you can in a hierarchical tree and cluster format.

Medici Effect

Different fields but same goal.

SWOT Analysis

Strength and Weaknesses, Identifying Opportunities open and Threats you face.

Brain Writing

Ideas, Solution, Problems, Felling’s, and etc. write in a piece of paper.

Trigger Method

Use words or pictures to spark/trigger new ideas.

Variable Brainstorming

Start changing the rules of the game to get new ideas.

Challenger

Pretend you have a rival and figure out how to beat them.

Escape Thinking

Thinking outside the box, look at your goal in a different angle, imagine a world where anything is possible.

Reverse Thinking

looking at a problem from the opposite direction/problem to find new solutions.

Counter action busting

Find ways to beat the problem.

Resource availability

What you have (money, time, people) and how to use it best, work with what you've got / have.

Drivers’ analysis

Figure out what's making your idea a good one. The reason people come back to buy/eat your food/product.

Exaggeration

Representation in an excessive manner, act or instance of exaggerating. Take an idea to the extreme to find new possibilities. Go wild with your ideas.

Get random input

Get fresh perspectives from people. Asking people of their opinions/idea on a topic.

Meditation

Clear / Relax your mind to get new ideas flowing.

Character Map

it helps describe in detail the main character, their thoughts and actions.

Clustering

Good for organization of concepts, ideas and as pre reading activity

Sequence of events chart

Good for placing main events in their order of occurrence.

Compare/Contrast

helps with similarities and differences.

Spider Map

used to investigate and enumerate various aspects of a central idea, which could be a concept, topic, or theme. Also known as semantic map.

SQ3R

Good reading strategy used to Comprehend expository material.

Story Map

helps with the outline or blue print of a fictional story.

NICHE

Focus on a very small, special / specific group of people. Ex. Instead of selling shoes to everyone, sell comfortable special shoes only for marathon runners.

Timeline

helps with sequencing events in their proper order. Used to show how events occurred chronologically through a long bar labeled with dates and specific events. Can be linear or comparative.

Storyboard

helps to illustrate the main events

Linear Timeline

shows how events happened within one period.

Comparative Timeline

shows two sets of events that happened within the same period.

Venn Diagram

Good for organization of concepts, ideas and as pre reading activity

W's Organizer

helps with organizing factual ideas around the 5 main points who, what, where, when and why.

Plot Diagram

used to map events in the story. Used to analyze the major parts of a plot.

Exposition

Beginning of the story where characters and setting. are introduced.

Rising Action

where the main character faces a series of conflicts

Climax

The most exciting part of the story. when we learn the outcome.

Falling Action

Events leading to the end of the story.

Resolution

End of the story.

Outline

allows a writer to categorize the main points, to organize the paragraphs in order to make sense.

Alphanumeric Outline

uses both letters and numbers as labels

Decimal Outline

uses only numbers as labels.

Coordination

requires ideas of the same relevance to be labeled in the same way.

Subordination

shows that minor details have to be placed under their respective major details.

Division

requires that no cluster should contain only one item

Parallel Construction

requires all entries in each cluster to use the same structure and format.

Topic Outline

a systematic arrangement of ideas using broad topics in the form of words or simple phrases as headers

Sentence Outline

Uses complete sentences as its entries, also known as expanded outline.

Previewing

means looking at the readily visible parts of the text. It helps familiarize you with the contents of the selection and Focus on the important in Formation in the text.

Skimming

the text means you look for the main point of the reading and identify the ideas that develop it.

Scanning

The reading is looking for specific information, this strategy involves physically moving your eyes quickly along the lines of text.

Definition

this pattern explains the information through the use of illustrations, examples and descriptions. • Signal words: is defined as, as defined, means, refers to, to define, to illustrate.

Exemplification

presents the general statement and then provides specific and concrete examples to expound on the main idea. • Signal words: after all, as an example, for instance, in other words, in particular, in short, etc.

Descriptive pattern

provides details on the idea by using either sensory or spatial pattern.

Sensory pattern

ideas are arranged based on one or all five senses

Spatial pattern

arranges ideas by location or physical space.

Description (Sensory and Spatial)

• Signal words: above across, against, along, away from, beyond, near, outside, over, to the right, etc.

Comparison/Contrast

organizes ideas based on how events, places, people, things, and concepts are similar to or different from one another.

Signal words for comparing

also, as, both, equally, in comparison, like, like wise, in the same way, similarly, to compare

Signal words for contrast

although, and yet, as opposed to, but, despite, even though, in contrast, however, instead, on the contrary, whereas, other

Classification

organizes ideas into categories or divisions based on criteria and standards. Can be used when classifying people, objects, events, things, places, and other times. • Signal words: another, classified as, one kind, final type, the first category the last group.

Cause and Effect

organizes details based on the cause, the reason, and the result or consequences of a certain phenomenon. • Signal words: as, because, for, being that, due to, for, since, in as much as in view of

Problem Solution Pattern

organizes ideas into problems and proposed solutions. It includes the what, who, where, when, why and how of the problem. •Signal words: but, First, second, nonetheless, one reason for the, one solution is, one way is.

Persuasion pattern

organizes ideas to show how a set of evidence leads to a logical conclusion or argument. It presents the issue, the position, and the supporting evidence that supports the position. (3 essential elements) signal words: to emphasize, to repeat, in fact, as a result, consequently, certainly, assured.

Narrative/Narration

you’ll need to tell a story (usually about something 9 that happened to you) • Using concrete details for narratives

Concrete language

makes the story or image seem clearer and more real to us.

Abstract language

makes the story or image difficult to visualize.

Explicit Information

Is any idea that is stated. With explicit information, you see the text explained. Since you are looking for ____ _____ in what is read, the explicit information will be written in the text. There is no need to look for clues. Just read. If the information is written it is explicit.

Inference

is a statement about the unknown made based on what we know. It is an assumption we make where something that is believed to be true based on some

Implicit information

is understood but it is not stated. To Find implicit information in what is read, you will have to think about what you read. Look for clues as you read. Is not written, But the idea is there. Using what is read to make an inference, but what is an inference?

Intertext

refers to a work whose meaning is shaped by refercing or calling from other texts. Making a CONCLUSION

Hypertext

is a work that contains external links embedded by the writer, allowing the readers to navigate the text non linearly.

Hypermedia

presents a multimedia approach to gaining information. This medium not limited simply is not to text. It can incorporate pictures, sound, even video.

Vannevar Bush

the head of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, proposed a method of cataloguing and retrieving information prophetically like today's media.

Claim focus on

the first and last sentence of a paragraph, examine the supporting details, and observe transitional devices that indicate whet-her the text supports or opposes an argument.

Claim of Fact

Asserts something is true or false. A well argued claim of Fact clearly states the main argument and defines vague and controversial terms.

Claim of Policy

Suggests actions or solutions. It is based on judgment and evaluation on a philosophical, aesthetic, or moral stand point.

Claim of Value

Evaluates the worth or morality of right and wrong. Is an argument which asserts the implementation of a certain policy. This is driven by the need to present a solution to problems that have arise. • Almost always "should" or "ought to" or "must" are included in the claim.

Explicit

clearly stated so there is no room for confusion or questions. Example: It was a dark and stormy night.

Implicit

implied or suggested, but not clearly stated. Example: The trees were swaying wildly outside Anne's window as she prepared for bed and the gutters were overflowing

Inference

a conclusion made based on both information, evidence, and reasoning.

Pattern of Development

is the logical arrangement of ideas.