THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

Babies

are born with about 300 bones.

Adults

only end up with 206 bones.

206 bones.

Adults end up with about...

300 bones

Babies are born with about...

BONES

BONE MARROW

CARTILAGE

JOINTS

LIGAMENTS

SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE

SYNOVIAL FLUID

BURSA

MAJOR STRUCTURES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

oss/e

oss/i

oste/o

ost/o

BONES

Related Combining Forms:

BONES

Act as the framework for the body, protect the internal organs, and store the mineral calcium.

- myel/o

(Also means spinal cord)

BONE MARROW

Related Combining Forms:

Red bone marrow

Yellow bone marrow

BONE MARROW types:

Red bone marrow

forms some blood cells.

Yellow bone marrow

stores fat.

chondr/o

CARTILAGE

Related Combining Forms:

CARTILAGE

Creates a smooth surface for motion within the joints and protects the ends of the bones.

arthr/o

JOINTS

Related Combining Forms:

JOINTS

Work with the muscles to make a variety of motions possible.

ligament/o

LIGAMENTS

Related Combining Forms:

LIGAMENTS

Connect one bone to another.

synovi/o

synov/o

SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE

Related Combining Forms:

SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE

Forms the lining of synovial joints and secretes synovial fluid.

synovi/o

synov/o

SYNOVIAL FLUID

Related Combining Forms:

SYNOVIAL FLUID

Lubricant that makes smooth joint movements possible.

burs/o

BURSA

Related Combining Forms:

BURSA

Cushions are subject to friction during movement.

PROTECTION

SUPPORT

MOVEMENT

PRODUCING BLOOD CELLS

STORAGE OF MINERALS

FUNCTIONS OF THE BONES

PROTECTION

Bones protect our internal organs.

For example, the skull protects our brain, while the rib cage guards the heart and lungs.

SKULL

consists of 22 bones fused together.

These bones cannot move except for the mandible. (Lower jaw).

SUPPORT

It gives shape and support to the body.

The spine, for example, helps humans maintain an upright position.

SPINE

- The spine of an average adult is made up of 26 bones.

- 24 individual vertebrae.

- Sacrum

- Coccyx (Tailbone)

MOVEMENT

Mechanical Basis for movement.

Bones in the elbow and knees are joined by flexible joints.

These joints allow the bones to glide, swing or rotate.

Bones

are connected to other bones by ligaments.

Muscles

are connected to bones by tendons.

Joints

any place in the body where two or more bones meet.

PRODUCING BLOOD CELLS

Red and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow.

A soft, spongy material in the hollow center of a bone.

In adults, most blood cells are produced in the spine, hips, ribs, and breastbone.

In children, blood cell production takes place in the long bones, like the femur.

STORAGE OF MINERALS

It stores: Calcium, Phosphorus, & Other salts.

OSSIFICATION

OSTEOBLASTS

OSTEOCYTES

OSTEOCLASTS

BONE DEVELOPMENT types:

OSSIFICATION

The process of replacing other tissues with bone.

also known as Osteogenesis.

Osteogenesis

OSSIFICATION also known as ...

⦁ INTERMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION

⦁ INT ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION

⦁ PRIMARY OSSIFICATION

⦁ SECONDARY OSSIFICATION

OSSIFCIATION types:

INTERMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION

Skull

Clavicle

Sternum

Mandible

Skull

Clavicle

Sternum

Mandible

INTERMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION types:

ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION

Short

Irregular

Long Bones

Short

Irregular

Long Bones

INT ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION

PRIMARY OSSIFICATION

Diaphysis

Diaphysis

PRIMARY OSSIFICATION

SECONDARY OSSIFICATION

Epiphysis

Epiphysis

SECONDARY OSSIFICATION

OSTEOBLASTS

Cells that form new bones and grow and heal existing bones.

Found along the bone lining and in the bone itself.

Slightly box-shaped.

OSTEOCYTES

Cells inside mature bone tissue.

Respond to changes in tension and pressure in and around your bones.

OSTEOCLASTS

Dissolve and break down old or damaged bone cells.

Make space for osteoblast to create new bone tissue in areas that are growing or need repair.

BONE

BONE MARROW

CARTILAGE

TISSUE OF BONE types:

BONE

Is the form of connective tissue that is the second hardest tissue in the human body.

PERIOSTEUM

COMPACT BONE

SPONGY BONE

MEDULLARY CAVITY

ENDOSTEUM

BONE types:

PERIOSTEUM

Tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone.

COMPACT BONE

Dense, hard, and very strong bone.

SPONGY BONE

This type of bone is commonly found in the ends and inner portions of long bones such as the femur.

MEDULLARY CAVITY

Central cavity located in the shaft of long bones.

ENDOSTEUM

Tissue that lines the medullary cavity.

RED BONE MARROW

YELLOW BONE MARROW

BONE MARROW types (Again)

RED BONE MARROW

A hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes.

hemopoietic tissue

RED BONE MARROW is a type of tissue?

YELLOW BONE MARROW

Functions as a fat storage area.

CARTILAGE

Acts as a shock absorber between bones.

Makes up the flexible parts of the skeleton.

ARTICULAR CARTILAGE

MENISCUS

CARTILAGE types:

ARTICULAR CARTILAGE

Covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints.

MENISCUS

2 crescent-shaped disks of connective tissue.

It also acts as shock absorbers to cushion the lower part of the leg from the weight of the rest of the body.

DIAPHYSIS

EPIPHYSIS

FORAMEN

PROCESS

ANATOMIC LANDMARKS OF BONES

DIAPHYSIS

Shaft of a long bone.

EPIPHYSIS

Wider ends of the long bones.

FORAMEN

An opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass.

PROCESS

Normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon.

JOINTS

Known as articulation.

FIBROUS JOINTS

CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

SYNOVIAL JOINTS

JOINTS types:

FIBROUS JOINTS

It has no joint cavity.

In adults, these joints are called sutures.

Strongest joint in the body.

Sutures

FIBROUS JOINTS In adults, are called...

CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

It has no joint cavity.

Virtually immovable.

SYNOVIAL JOINTS

It is created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions.

Ex: Ball and Socket and Hinge Joints.

SYNOVIAL CAPSULE

LIGAMENTS

SYNOVIAL FLUID

BURSA

SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE

COMPONENTS OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

SYNOVIAL CAPSULE

The outermost layer of the strong fibrous tissue.

LIGAMENTS

Bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone or by joining a bone to cartilage.

SYNOVIAL FLUID

Acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement joint.

BURSA

A fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subjects to friction.

Located between tendons and bones.

SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE

Lines the capsule & secretes synovial fluid.

LONG

SHORT

FLAT

IRREGULAR

SESAMOID

CLASSIFICATIONS OF BONES

- Bones are classified according to their shapes.

LONG

Cylindrical shape.

Acts as a lever and helps support the weight of the body.

Ex. Femur

SHORT

Wrist, Tarsals.

Allow minimum flexibility and motion in a short distance.

Ex. Carpal Bone

FLAT

Provides protection and their broad surfaces allow muscle attachment.

Ex. Sternum.

IRREGULAR

Pelvis.

Attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments, or they attach to other bones to create joints.

Ex. Vertebrae.

SESAMOID

Ex. Patella

Develops inside and beside the tendon.

Protects the tendon from excessive wear.

AXIAL

APPENDICULAR

TWO DIVISIONS OF SKELETON

Skeleton is divided into two:

AXIAL

Composed of skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage.

APPENDICULAR

Consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs, as well as the girdles, which attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.

SKULL

There are 22 bones of the skull & are divided into two:

Braincase (Neurocranium / Cranium)

Facial Bones (Viscerocranium)

22 Bones

How many bones are there of the skull?

Braincase (Neurocranium / Cranium)

Facial Bones (Viscerocranium)

The skull is divided into two:

Neurocranium / Cranium

Another term for Braincase

Viscerocranium

Another term for Facial Bones

BRAINCASE

Encloses the cranial cavity.

Consists of 8 bones.

Surround and protect the brain.

Front to back:

Ethmoid

Sphenoid

Frontal

Parietal

Temporal

Occipital

The Cranial Bones are:

FACIAL BONES

Form the structure of the face

The mandible is the only freely movable bone in the skull.

There are 14 facial bones.

Maxilla

Zygomatic

Palatine

Nasal

Lacrimal

Inferior Nasal Concha

Mandible

Vomer

The facial bones are: