How do gametes form?
meiosis
What is TDF?
testes determining factor
What chromosomes do females have?
XX
What chromosomes do males have?
XY
What determines the sex of a child?
determined by the contributing sperm
What determines whether embryonic gonads become testes or ovaries?
TDF
What does the Mullerian duct turn into?
uterus and uterine tubes
What factor determines if the Mullerian duct develops or degenerates?
Mullerian inhibition factor (MIF)
What happens if MIF is present? Absent?
Present: mullerian ducts degenerates
Absent: mullerian ducts develop into uterine tubes
What hormone leads to the development of the prostate, penis and scrotum?
Testosterone
The vagina, labia, and clitoris will develop in the absence of what?
Testosterone
What hormone determines whether the Mesoneprhic (Wolffian) duct will develop or degenerate?
Testosterone
What happens to the Wolffian (mesonephric) duct if there is no testosterone present?
degenerates
What does the Mesonephric duct turn into?
epididymides, ductus deferential, ejaculatory ducts
Where is testosterone secreted from?
testes
97% of testosterone is bound to what?
albumin and sex hormone binding globulin
5-alpha reductase converts testosterone to what?
DHT (more potent androgen)
How is testosterone eliminated?
metabolized and eliminated in the liver via bile or urine
Androgens work at nuclear receptors to affect what?
DNA-RNA transcription
Secondary sex characteristics of males
later growth spurt: body, muscle, penis and testis growth
Body hair is stimulated by __ at puberty for both males and females
androgens via the adrenal gland cortex
Other androgen effects
male pattern baldness, increased skin thickness, acne, bone deposition, protein and muscle development, increased RBC formation, increased prostate size
LH goes to ____ causing them to secrete gonadal hormones ____
Leydig cells; testosterone
Testosterone is provides negative feedback to what androgen?
LH>FSH
FSH goes to the ____ to secrete ___
seminiferous tubules (Sertoli cells); inhibin
Inhibin provides negative feedback for what androgen? (male and female)
FSH only!!!
What is the role of Leydig cells? Sertoli cells?
Leydig: secrete testosterone → androgenic effects, spermatogenesis
Sertoli cells: secrete inhibin, spermatogenesis
What 2 hormones influence spermatogenesis?
FSH and testosterone
Where are FSH receptors found? Male
Sertoli cells
Where are LH receptors found? Male
Leydig cells
What are the two compartments of the testis?
Seminiferous tubules and Interstitial tissue
What is acrosome?
cap of digestive enzymes on the sperm
What is the end result of the maturation stage of spermatogenesis?
4 sperm
Pathway of sperm maturation
seminiferous tubules → rete testis → efferent ductules → epididymis
What is the role of the epididymis?
site of sperm maturation and storage
Pathway of sperm ejaculation
epididymis → vas deferens → ejaculatory duct → urethra
What is the role of the seminal vesicle?
adds lube (seminal fluid)
What does seminal fluid consist of?
fructose (energy), fibrinogen, prostaglandins
What does prostate fluid consist of?
citric acid, calcium, zinc, coagulation proteins, proibrinolysin
What does bulbourethral gland fluid consist of?
galactose and mucus (increase motility)
What are the components needed for an erection?
vascular, nerve (SNS and PNS), psychological, hormonal (testosterone)
An erection results form blood flow into the __
corpus cavernosa
How does the PNS lead to an erection?
PNS nerve → NO induced vasodilation of the arterioles leading to the corpus cavernosa
Inhibiting what hormone prolongs vasodilation?
PDE5
What is under SNS control?
emission and ejaculation via the pudendal nerve
Point and Shoot:
PNS stimulation is needed for erection
SNS stimulation is needed for ejaculation
What is the site of fertilization?
ampulla
What is the endometrium?
inner layer of uterus, where embryo implants and develops
What is the myometrium?
middle muscle layer, contracts during birthing
What are the 2 primary female sex hormones?
estrogen and progesterone
Estrogen is secreted from….
the ovaries (primarily in non-pregnant females) and small amount from the adrenal cortex
Progesterone is secreted from….
corpus luteum in latter half of ovarian cycle
Where are estrogen and progesterone metabolized?
liver
When is secretion of FSH and LH elevated?
birth - first 6 months post natal
During puberty onset and during reproductive years which hormone is higher?
LH
If FSH > LH =
no cycle (menopause- no negative feedback)
Secondary sex characteristics of women
growth spurt, breast development, menarche
Hormone flow of female reproductive system
Hypothalamus: GnRH → ant. pituitary: FSH & LH → gonads: estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin
Ovarian follicles secrete (follicular phase)
estradiol
Corpus luteum secretes (luteal phase)
progesterone (important in pregnancy)
Granulosa cells of ovarian follicles secrete
inhibin
What is the avg. Ovarian cycle length?
28 days
What causes the LH surge during ovulation?
due to estrogen hitting threshold
primary follicles grow layers of granulosa cells in response to
FSH
After ovulation, the remaining follicle becomes
corpus luteum
Corpus luteum secretes
estradiol and progesterone (play a roll in uterine cycle)
Phases of the ovarian cycle
follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase
Follicular phase
day 1-13; initiated by FSH; increasing level of estradiol from granulosa cells
At the end of the follicular phase, FSH and estradiol are high causing
stimulation of LH from follicles and Hypothalamus/ant. pit. —> LH surge
Ovulation phase
LH surge initiates → cause follicle to rupture → oocyte is released
Luteal phase
rupture follicle becomes corpus luteum: secretes estradiol and progesterone (peaks 1 week post ovulation) and inhibin → high levels feedback on pituitary gland and inhibit FSH and LH secretion
Changes in the endometrium follow changes in the
follicles of the ovaries
phases of the uterine (menstrual) cycle
menstrual, proliferative, secretory
What defines the first day of the menstrual cycle?
first day of menses
The development o the endometrium is regulated by secretion of
estradiol and progesterone in the ovaries
Proliferative phase occurs while the ovary is in
follicular phase
Proliferative phase
increasing levels of estradiol stimulate the growth of the endometrium →becomes more vascular and develops progesterone receptors
Secretory phase occurs
post ovulation, when the ovaries are in the luteal phase
Secretory phase
secretion of progesterone stimulates the endometrium to become even thicker more vascular → prepared to nourish a growing embryo
Menstral phase occurs
because of the fall in estradiol and progesterone when corpus luteum degenerates
Menstral phase
arteries in the endometrium constrict and this region is sloughed
The association between the acrosome cap and zona pellucida cells stimulates the entry of __
Ca2+ → release of acrosomal enzymes (allow sperm to digest zona pellucida on way to oocyte)
__ days post fertilization the blastocyte implants into the endometrium. by the __ day its completely buried
6; 7-10
When implantation occurs, the blastocyte releases what?
hCG —> keeps the corpus luteum alive
What is the point of keeping the corpus luteum alive?
continues to release estradiol and progesterone → prevents menstruation
When secretion of hCG declines what takes over hormone production?
the placenta
Do maternal and fetal blood mix?
no; they are separated only by two cell layers
What diffuses from the maternal blood to the fetal blood?
oxygen and nutrients; Alcohol can also
What diffuses from the fetal blood to the maternal blood?
CO2 and waste
How much weight do women gain in pregnancy?
25-35 lbs
How much weight is in extra blood and ECF?
5 lbs
Does women’s metabolism increase during pregnancy?
yes; leads to overheating sensation
Nutritional maternal changes
increased need for iron, Vit D, Ca, Vit K
Changes in maternal blood flow
CO increases 30-40% by 27th week → increased aldosterone and fluid retention
Respiration maternal changes
20% increase in O2 consumption, increased ventilation, increased sensitivity to CO2
What increases to protect mother from hemorrhage during childbirth?
blood coagulability
GFR increases ___ by mid-pregnancy
40-50%
What pulls water of the GI system during pregnancy?
progesterone
What hormone weakens joints widening the pelvis?
progesterone
Average gestation period
40 weeks; measured from first day of LKMP