Biology CARBON

chaoter four

living organisms are made of what?

CHON

• carbon

• hydrogen

• oxygen

• nitrogen

• (phosphorus and sulfer)

carbon has 4 valence electrons, so it can form 4 covalent bonds with atoms like CHON.

isomers

same molecular formula, differnt structure

three types of isomers

• structural - same formula different structure

• geometic (cis = when they are the same) (trans - across) double bond aswell

• enantiomers - same formula, mirrow image positiong around central Carbon.

carbons properties

• 4 valence electrons

• can bond with other carbon atoms

• can form single, double, tripple bonds

• HONSP ( can bond)

• stable

hydroxyl

• polar

• forms hydrogen bonds with water, help dissolve compounds like sugar

• OH, HO

• alcohol

carbonyl

• ketone if in middle, has two carbons attached

• aldehyde if its at the end, has one carbon, one hydrogen attached

• aldose, and ketoses

carbonxyl

• acts as an acid

• can donate H+ because the colavent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen are polar

• carboxylic acid or organic acid

amino

• acts as a base

• can pic up H+

• amine

sulfhydryl

• two can react, forming crods link which helps stabalize protien structure

• ex) hair

• thiol

phosphate

• contributes negative charge

• energy transfer

• ATP

• organic phospahte

methyl

• affects gene expression