IFS Unit 9: Renal System and Abdomen

what are the structures of the renal system

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

where are the kidneys located

retroperitoneally on either side of the spine under the lower ribs

what are the two layers of he kidneys

outer cortex

inner medulla

outer cortex

contains 80% of nephrons (cortical nephrons)

inner medulla

contains 20% of nephrons (juxtamedullary)

what is located in the hilum of kidneys

renal artery

renal vein

lymphatics

nerves

ureter

nephrons

functional unit of the kidney

what are the parts of a nephron

renal corpuscle and long tubule

renal corpuscle of nephron

contains the glomerulus (tuft of capillaries) and bowman's capsule

what does the long tubule contain

proximal tubule

loop of henle

macula densa

distal tubule

connecting tubule

cortical collecting tubule

medullary collecting tubule

collecting duct

where do most substances get reabsorbed

proximal tubule

Bowman's capsule

cup-shaped strucutre of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the glomerulus and which filtration takes place.

proximal tubule

first section of the renal tubule that the blood flows through; reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients

loop of henle

section of the nephron tubule that conserves water and minimizes the volume of urine

macula densa

cells of the nephron functioning as sodium concentration sensors of the tubular fluid

distal tubule

Between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct; Selective reabsorption and secretion occur here, most notably to regulate reabsorption of water and sodium

connecting tubule

Short minor part linking the nephron to collecting ducts

cortical collecting tubule

major site in the collecting duct for regulation of potassium excretion by the kidney

medullary collecting tubule

Very permeable to urea

• Secretes H+ (primary active transport)

• Actively reabsorbs Na+

collecting duct

A segment of the nephron that returns water form the filtrate to the bloodstream.

glomerular filtration

filtration of fluid through glomular capillaries into bowmans capsule

juxtaglomerular complex

consists of specialized cells that secrete renin when glomerular blood pressure decreases

juxtaglamerular cells

located on the afferent and efferent arterioles containing renin secreting cells

renin angiotensin aldosterone system process

- blood loss and decreased blood volume

- decrease in AP

- decrease glomerular hydrostatic pressure

-macula densa decreased sodium

- JG cells secrete renin

- angiotensin 1 release

- angiotensin 1 converted to angiotensin 2 in the presence of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

what does angiotensin 2 cause

vasoconstriction to increases BP

causes aldosterone secretion to reabsorb sodium and water and excrete potassium and hydrogen to increase blood volume and pressure

kidney function regulation of osmolarity

body integrates kidney function with behavioral drives like thirst to maintain blood osmolarity

kidney function maintenance of ion balance

kidneys keep concentrations of key ions by balancing dietary intake with urinary loss

sodium function kidneys

major ion involved with regulation of extracellular fluid volume and osmolarity

kidney function regulation of pH too acidic

the kidneys remove hydrogen and conserve bicarbonate which act as a buffer

kidney function too basic pH

kidneys remove bicarbonate and conserve hydrogen

kidney waste

includes creatinine from muscle metabolsim and nitrogenous wastes urea and uric acid

hormones

urea

A chemical that comes from the breakdown of proteins and is remove by waste

azotemia

elevated levels of urea and other nutrogen compounds in blood

kidney functions hormones

synthesize erythropoietin

release renin

convert vitamin D3 into a hormone that regulates calcium balance

erythropoeitin

regulated red blood cell synthesis

how do the kidneys help to increase blood volume and pressure

increase thirst

conserve water

how do kidneys work to decrease blood pressure

excrete salts and water in urine to decrease extracellular and intracellular volume

antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

secreted by posterior pituitary and acts on the distal tubule and collecting duct to alter water permeability to increase water reabsoption

micturition

process of voiding urine from the urinary bladder

micturition process

1. stretch receptors fire

2. parasympathetic neurons fire. motor neurons stop firing

3. smooth muscle contracts. internal sphincter is passively pulled open. external sphincter relaxes

zona glomerulosa secretes

aldosterone

aldosterone

Hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water and excrete potassium to regulate BP

zona fasciculata secretes

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

glucocorticoids

raises blood sugar levels

zona reticularis

secretes sex hormones

sex hormones

dehydroepiandrosterone secreted to develop and maintain reproductive and sexual characteristics in male and female

adrenal medulla secretes

catecholamines

Catecholamines

affect the sympathetic nervous system in stress response

cortisol metabolism function

influences glucose metabolism by stimulating gluconeogenesis providing energy supply

cortisol stress response function

during stress it raises vlood sugar levels, enhances brain glucose utilization, and makes nutrients readily available for immediate demand

cortisol anti inflammatory function

suppresses inflammation by reducing the activity of the immune system

blood filtration function of the spleen

filters out old or damaged red blood cells and recycles their components like iron

immune response function spleen

it is a reservoir for immune cells that detect and respond to pathogens

RBC and platelets function in spleen

spleen stored RBC and platelets and release then when body needs extra support like bleeding or physical exertion

microbe and debris removal function spleen

reticuloendothelial cells of spleen remove debris, bacteris, etc

what happens to the spleen during infections

it enlarged and performs its cleaning function more efficiently

what are the 4 planes of the abdomen

2 midclavicular

subcostal

transtubercular

what planes make up the abdominal quadrants

median

trans umbilical

what are the 9 regions of the abdomen

right hypochondrium

right flank

right inguinal

epigastric

umbilical

pubic

left hypochondriac

left flank

left inguinal

boundaries of the abdominal wall

superiorly 7th to 10th costal cartilages

inferiorly inguinal ligament and pelvis

muscles of the anterolateral wall

external oblique

internal oblique

transversus abdominis

rectus abdominis

linea alba

aponeurosis of the anterolateral muscles

rectus sheath

aponeurosis sheath created by the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis that envelop the rectus abdominis

parietal peritoneum

the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall

falciform ligament

attaches liver to anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm

arcuate line

area of transversalis fascia covering the posterior aspect of the rectus sheath when the lateral wall muscles continue anteriorly

external oblique action

Contralateral rotation of torso

internal oblique action

flexes and rotates vertebral column

function of abdominal muscles

move trunk

maintain posture

alleviate pressure on organs during ventilation

maintain or increase intraabdominal pressure

protect and support viscera

inguinal region location

ASIS to pubic tubercle

contents of inguinal region

inguinal ligament

inguinal tract

inguinal canal

inguinal ligament

ligament extending from pubic bone to anterior superior iliac spine, creating the anterior boundary of inguinal canal

what makes the inguinal ligament

infoldings of the external oblique

iliopubic tract

continuation of the transversalis fascia and creates the posterior wall of the inguinal canal

inguinal canal

passageway through the abdominal wall made up of each layer of the abdominal wall

contents of inguinal canal

spermatic cord

round ligament of uterus

deep inguinal ring

superficial inguinal ring

deep inguinal ring

area where transversalis fascia evaginated through abdominal wall layers that allows for testes to descend through the inguinal canal

subinguinal space function

allows passage of hip flexors and neurovascular structures supplying the lower extremities

what are the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall

psoas major

psoas minor

quadratus lumborum

iliacus

transversus abdominis

obliques

what structures are located in the posterior abdominal wall

lumbar vertebrae

thoracolumbar facia

abdominal aorta

inferior vena cava

lumbar plexus

vessels and lymph nodes

psoas major location

transverse process and bodies of T12-L5 to the iliacus muscle and lesser trochanter of femur

psoas minor location

from sides of T12-L1 to pectineal line of pubis

iliacus location

runs along iliac fossa and joins psoas major

anterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia

continuous with transversalis fascia laterally and covers anterior surface of psoas and QL

anterior middle layer of thoracolumbar fascia

attaches to the lateral top of transverse process and covers the posterior aspect of the QL

function of thoracolumbar fascia

vertebral column stabilization

what are the branches of the abdominal aorta

inferior phrenic

subcostal

lumbar

peri-arterial nerve plexus

sympathetic trunks supplying arteries associated with the digestive system

subcostal nerve location

comes from T12 and runs the inferior border of the 12th rib

subcostal nerve innervates

abdominal wall

iliohypogastric nerve origin

L1

iliohypogastric nerve innervation

abdominal wall

ilioiguinal nerve origin

L1

ilioinguinal innervation

abdominal wall

genitofemoral nerve origin and location

L1/L2

perforates through the anterior surface of psoas

branches of genitofemoral nerve

Genital branch and femoral branch

provides sensation

lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh origin and location

L2/L3

on the lateral aspect of psoas

lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh innevation

sensation to anterior lateral thigh

obturator nerve origin and location

L2/L3/L4

runs along medial border of psoas

femoral nerve origin and location

L2/L3/L4

runs posterior lateral to psoas