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What is an Intellectual Disability?
a heterogeneous group of disorders that have significant deficits in reasoning that impairs the individual's ability to function in day to day life
Must demonstrate adaptive deficits that impair in comparison to peers of a similar age or culture
Impairments limit or restrict an individuals participation and performance in one or more aspects of daily life → communication, social participation, function at school or work, personal independence
Adaptive behavior is measured with tests
What is Rosa’s Law?
changed the term used in federal legislation from mental retardation to intellectual disability
What are three domains of of adaptive behavior?
Conceptual → language and literacy, money, time, number concepts and self direction
Practical → activities of daily living, occupational skills, health care, travel/transportation, schedules/routines, safety, money use, telephone use
Socialization → interpersonal skills, social responsibility, self esteem, gullibility, naivete, social problem solving, ability to follow rules and obey laws to avoid being victimized
What is needed for Intellectual disability to be diagnosed?
For ID to be diagnosed there has to be deficits in one of the three domains of adaptive behavior
What are the methods of classification for Intellectual Disability?
Methods for classification:
1. Degree of intellectual impairment
2. Adaptive behavior
3. Required supports
4. Domain of disability
5. Etiology
What are the two populations of intellectual disability?
Mild intellectual disability
More likely to be associated with social disadvantage and familial factors
Severe Intellectual Disability
More typically linked to biological/genetic origin
How does the postnatal environmental influence expression of neurodevelopment dysfunction?
Postnatal environmental influences mediate biological process through mechanisms that may be indirect → might also affect the expression of neurodevelopmental dysfunction
For example, a child may have an initial biological insult (e.g., intrauterine growth restriction [IUGR]) that can be compounded by postnatal environmental variables, such as poor nutrition, social disadvantage, or physical abuse).
True/False: Men are more likely to manifest ID
true
What is neurodevelopmental disability?
● Disorder that impairs neural development and organization
● Usually present at birth and affect the trajectory of development and functioning
Cognition (e.g., intellectual disability)
Social functioning (e.g. autism)
Physical ability (e.g. hyperphagia in prader willi)
What is global developmental delay?
Temporary diagnosis in young children at risk for developmental disabilities, especially intellectual disability
Significant delay in achieving age-appropriate neurodevelopmental milestones in language, motor, and social-adaptive development
Why is early identification of developmental delay crucial?
The sooner you have a diagnosis, the sooner you can start working
What does intellectual disability include?
Includes:
Current intellectual impairment
Onset during developmental period
Adaptive behavior deficits → how the child is functioning.
What can the child do?
Count to 10, make a phone call, dress themselves, etc (daily living skills)
What are disagreements and concerns regarding intellectual functioning?
Intellectual functioning: disagreements and concerns include
Assessment of intellectual functioning
Underlying value of IQ score → how useful is it? For best treatment and supports
Predictive validity and cultural bias → will IQ test at age 8 predict functioning as
an adult?
What are adaptive impairments?
Adaptive impairments: impaired ability to adapt or function in daily life
What are the domains of adaptive behavior? Conceptual, practical, social
How is adaptive behavior measured? Surveys by parents, teachers, observing child
How is degree of intellectual impairment determined? What are the attitudes around this?
Degree of intellectual impairment
Based on IQ levels: mild, moderate, severe, profound
Accepted widely in medical community, but controversial
Classification solely on basis of IQ not sufficient
Required supports (AAIDD)
Based on patterns and intensity of needed support
Focuses on abilities of individuals to function in inclusive environment
Controversial
What are the 5 domains of disability?
pathophysiology
impairment
functional limitation
disability
societal limitation
Ex: pathophysiology is deletion in chromosome 15. Impairment is prader-willi
syndrome. Functional limitation is intellectual disability/feeding disorder. Disability is learning and adaptive skills below age level and obesity. Societal limitation is noninclusive school settings, stereotyping, and underestimating abilities
What is the prevalence of intellectual disability?
Prevalence of intellectual disability
Based on definition, method of ascertainment, and population studies
6.7-10.37 of 1000
Diagnosis peaks at 10-14 years of age
Mild impairments identified later than severe
Why might mild impairments be identified later than severe impairments?
may not struggle with early milestones, harder to pinpoint cause of impairment, may not come with physical disability
What is the etiology of mild intellectual disability?
Mild intellectual disability
Often associated with racial, social, and familial factors
Identifiable in less than half of affected individuals
Common biological causes are genetic/chromosomal syndromes, perinatal complications, and prenatal alcohol/drug exposure
Familial clustering common
What is the etiology of severe intellectual disability?
Linked to biological/genetic origin
Identifiable in 75% of cases
Common causes: down syndrome, fragile x syndrome, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
Biological origins: the earlier the problem, the more severe its consequences → pregnancy
What are common associated impairments?
Cerebral palsy, seizure disorders, communication disorders, sensory impairments, psychological/behavioral disorder
Important to identify comorbid conditions: for treatment, cognition Psychological testing and interpretation
Explain psychological testing and interpretation for intellectual disabilities
A variety of tests are used to evaluate individual intelligence and adaptive skills
Poor predictive validity until about 10 years old
Tests can help differentiate in young children with severe intellectual disability, but not
with mild
Often there is a correlation between scores on intelligence and adaptive scales
What are treatment approaches for intellectual disabilities?
Most useful treatments are multimodal
Educational services - most important discipline involved in intervention
Must be relevant to child’s needs, addressing strengths and challenges (IFSP, IEP)
Leisure and recreational needs - peer socialization influences social-emotional development
Socialization competencies and experiences affect school readiness, participation, and future success in adult life
Sports or exercise regimens offer short and long term benefits activities can increase independence
Behavior therapy - problems may result from organic problems, unrealistic parental expectations, family difficulties, or school-related adjustment difficulties
Consider “cognitive” vs “Chronological” age
Environmental changes may improve behavior
Behavior management techniques
Most useful treatments are multimodal
Use of medication - not useful in treating core symptoms but can help with comorbid behavioral or emotional disorders
Discuss the history of intellectual and developmental disabilities in Greece
Ancient Greece
The importance of intelligence, physical strength and beauty were really valued
Their society exemplified the ideal society and their people were superior to all others
Physical differences were seen as inferior
Early writing show distinction for people who are other in reference to their abilities
Homer
Plato felt that the mentally retarded had little place in society
Selective breeding
Idea: How to maintain society robust and remove those who are different
We need to separate those with impairments from society
Aristotle → “to prevent the rearing of deformed children let there be a law that no deformed child shall live”
Children with invisible disabilities were protected from this
Discuss the history of intellectual and developmental disabilities in Sparta
Practiced eugenics
Valued strength and intellectual ability
If a baby was found to be defective they were thrown from a cliff or left outside to die
There was little wiggle room is the child has visible physical disabilities
Discuss the history of intellectual and developmental disabilities in Athens
Early on there is evidence that infanticide occurred but only to the very weak and deformed
Those who were not greatly defective were left out and abandoned and were sold into slavery
Unwanted newborns placed into a jar at the temple doors for adoption → eventually sold as slaves
Plato wrote that children with disabilities has unsoundness of mind
Discuss the history of intellectual and developmental disabilities in Rome
In the first week of life parents had the right to do whatever they wanted if they did not want to carry on with their babies → withhold nourishment or sell
Fathers had the right to kill, mutilate, or sell them
The state provided wet nurses to feed unwanted babies placed at the base of columna lactaria
Children mutilated to heighten their value as future beggars
More deformed more money
Cornelius celsus (1AD)
Thinks of the distinction of those who are “other”
Imbecillus: general weakness or any form of debility
Idios: private person (did not associate with ID until much later)
Fatuity: someone who was witless
4th century rise of christianity
Practices for compassion and forgiveness
We see more movement towards compassion and decreases on infanticide
Discuss how the 1800s were a sign of early optimism for ID and DD
Prior to 1800s there was no differentiation between ID and insanity
First major change came with Dr. Esquirol who was a famous psychiatrist in france
We set to scientifically delineate intellectual disability and insanity
Imbeciles: generally well formed, and their organization is nearly normal
Mildly affected maybe not physical
Idiocy is not a disease but a condition in which the intellectual facilities are never manifested or have never been developed sufficiently…intellectual faculties are almost null.
Distinction that idiocy occurs in childhood
Anticipate future developments in the study of ID/DD
Believed that individuals would not benefit from training
Explain the significance of the wild boy
Young boy who was found living in the forest nonverbal, not clothed, struggled w daily living skills
First wild child
Dr. Itard decided that this boy who today we would say is severely impaired, he decided he was going to train this child of daily living, communication, and functioning
He was the first physician to state that an enriched environment could compensate for ID/DD caused by hereditary or deprived environment
He thought that he could train him into being a typical teenager → did not work he gained some skill but not back to normalcy → showed that intervention can help
Influenced Dr. Seguin who influenced maria montessori
Who was Dr. Seguin and what did he do?
Dr. Seguin
One of the first great teachers in the field of disabilities
Continued to distinguish and define the categories of impairment
Divided into 4 broad categories
Idiocy: probably included moderately, severely, and profound ID)
Imbecility: mild ID showing severe deficits in moral (social) development
Backwardness and feeblemindedness
Simpleness or superficial retardation evidenced by slowing down of development
Who was Langdon Down? What did he do?
First to identify a behavioral phenotype → identified that some individuals had similar characteristics → shared some overlap in physical and behavioral characteristics → coined the term mongoloid → down syndrome
Idiocy in 3 categories
Identified that there are some impairments that may be hereditary or accidental (during birth that resulted in deficits in functioning) or developmental (things that effect a baby when in utero → disturbed mothers, inebriation at conception, overexcitement during babyhood (stress))
What are the three categories of idiocy?
Identified that there are some impairments that may be hereditary or accidental (during birth that resulted in deficits in functioning) or developmental (things that effect a baby when in utero → disturbed mothers, inebriation at conception, overexcitement during babyhood (stress))
How was the 19th century a turning point for those with ID and DD?
United States 19th Century
Until the 1840s individuals severely or profoundly affected were not educated and any education occurring was at the community level there was no state mandate → formal services were not a part of everyday life
Start to be some chatter for the need of services for these people
Who was Samuel Gridley Howe? What did he do?
Promoted reintegration and rehabilitation
Goal was to train (training schools) to help individuals live in society better → most individuals did not believe that children could be taught or have intervention
Paved the way offering some hope for people with disabilities
Who was Dorothea Dix? What did she do/advocate for?
Dorothea Dix
Went along w the momentum of training and education nd was a fighter for those who were not being taken care of in society
The poor, criminals, and the mentally ill
Felt that there needed to be more overarching structure so that these decisions were not made at community level
Uniform across states
She lobbied for getting intervention in place and it led to the first generation of american institutions
Advocated for hospitals to sever mentally ill, epilepsy, and ID/DD but not separately
Did not advocate for education or return to community
She wanted everyone to be served → no framework for how each group needs to be helped
What were the terms used in 1910 to classify severity of ID and DD?
1910 Definition (AAMD)
Idiots → severe
Said to be “so deeply defective” that their mental development does not exceed that of 2 yrs old
Imbeciles → Moderate
Mental development does not exceed 7 years of age
Morons → Mild
Mental development does not exceed 12 yrs of age
Expectation that development is limited and it is limited by mental age
First estimate for what a neurotypical individual should perform like at a certain age
Discuss Institutionalization
Institutionalization
During the 1st half of the 20th century we had a big problem with institutionalization
Those with down syndrome were routinely institutionalized
Largest cohort
One of the most common IDs
At this time there was no genetic testing → DS was very prevalent → other disorders has not been identified uniquely yet
Movement toward segregation → moving people to institutions and moving them out of their homes
Problem: institutions become permanent residencies often with deplorable living conditions
Not enough resources, overcrowding → lead to neglect
There are various types of disorders and the leaders may not have the expertise needed
1966 an expose was done by taking photos of the institutions
Went in to document the conditions
Did a lot but didn't do as much as willowbrook
Institutions intended to care for these people but the needs were too much
Discuss Eugenics in the United States
United States
Eugenics movement based on the myth that ID contributed to societies social ills and could be eliminated by physical segregations and sterilization
Making sure people who have impairment are not procreating
Sterilization
Because institutions were so overcrowded
Before moving them out to the community we will sterilize fist
Prevent transmission of the defect → the person would pass it on to their child and they would not be able to care for their children
1927 US Supreme Court Ruling
Carrie buck is pregnant
The court upheld sterilization and deemed it necessary to sterilize her → for the protection of the state and society
Was largely seen as negative eugenics → improve human race by eliminating defectives from the gene pool
Discuss public eduction for those with ID and DD in the 19th and mid 20th centuries
Public Education
• 1896: Rhode Island had the 1st public SPED class
• By 1930, sixteen states offered special classes for children
with mental retardation
• By 1952, forty-six states
• Until late 1950’s children with severe and profound
mental retardation were excluded from public
education
First formal stirrings of a formal education process
RI first to have a SPED class
Those who were severely and profoundly affected did not get the choice to be in these programs → only for those who were high functioning
How did the 1960s and 70s change the attitudes towards those with ID and DD
1960s and 70s
More community outrange and shift in attitude towards how we have been treating these individuals
Presidents panel on mental retardation
Introduces an era of national concern for the rights of individuals
Eventual increase in federal aid to education
Establishment of comprehensive community based programs
Educational rights
Movement towards less restrive and more integrated educational placements
Institutions failing to meet the needs of individuals
Public condemnation of dehumanizing conditions
deinstitutionalization
The 1960’s & 70’s: A shifting emphasis
• Deinstitutionalization
• 60’s: Concept gained recognition
• Establish smaller, specialized residential centers
• 70’s: acquired greater support
• Emphasis on closing large institutions
• 80’s: became a national political, professional, and parental goal
• Started with releasing the mentally ill
• By 1984 over 75% were returned to the community to often cruel
and inhumane results
How did ARC define dehumanization? Why was this important?
ARC definition of dehumanization
Being treated as a prisoner instead of resident
Having only certain days for bathing
Being behind locked doors
Being subjected to standards set for the least capable resident
Not being able to obtain dentures, glasses, or hearing aids
Having to ask for personal items
Privacy in dressing and bathing
Having 40 roommates
Being expected to participate in childish games, regardless of your feelings on the matter
Some people who are in their 40s with DD like to play duck duck goose
ARC set the stage for “we can't do this anymore”
Discuss deinstitutionalization
Deinstitutionalization
Establish smaller specialized residential centers → more catered to the individual needs
Emphasis on closing large institutions → took some time because where are all these people going to go?
By 1984 over 75% of people were deinstitutionalized and returned to the community to often cruel inhumane results
Large homelessness population followed
Most people with IDD were sent to nursing homes, some were returned to families, and some were sent to smaller more targeted facilities
What is a developmental milestone?
DM: a developmental milestone is a behavior, ability, or skill that emerges at a particular age in most children that can easily be observed and described
Milestones are characterized as belonging to specific funtions domains that can be dividen and described in different ways for different purposes
clinically most useful milestones:
Emerge within a reasonably narrow and predictable range of ages
Are easy to observe and describe
Do not vary tremendously from person to person
Are functionally relevant
What is development?
Development refers to anything that changes over time
Changes in human thought, behavior and function
We have both a unique developmental history and a common developmental blueprint that happens aside from our individual life histories and cultures
Development refers to the characteristic, predictable ways in which behavior changes during the human life cycle
Behavior: any action that a person can perform and another can observe
Observing and interpreting behavior is the primary focus of developmental assessment
Why do we use typical and atypical when referring to human development?
Normal and abnormal carry good and bad connotations when referring to human development
Behavior is not only different from what is expected but it is also bad
Preferable to use the term typical (express the idea of usual, expected, or average) and atypical (convey that which is unusual, unexpected or significantly different from average)
What is plasticity?
Plasticity: the ability of the nervous system to change or adapt
Changes over the lifespan this is why children are more able to attain fluency in multiple languages than adults
True/False: Learning is unabated throughout the lifespan
true
What is Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychosexual development?
Views the conflict between inborn biological drives and external societal restrictions as being the engine of developmental and behavioral change
What is Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Stage Theory?
A model for development through the lifespan that describes a series of existential crises that must each be successfully overcome
What is Attachment Theory?
Emphasizes the critical importance of the infant-caregiver bond and describes early infancy as a critical period within which such bonds must form
What is Piaget’s cognitive development stage theory?
Our interactions with the environment are governed by the construction of cognitive processes during childhood, which he called schemas
Schemas arise through assimilation (adaptation to the environment) and accommodation (creating new schemas to process new types of information)
Stages
Sensorimotor, Pre-operational, concrete operational, formal operational
What is B.F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning?
Considers a child a blank slate whos behavioral responses are entirely governed by these environmental contingencies
What is social learning theory?
Emphasizes the importance of social modeling and imitation in learning
What is Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Emphasizes the importance of family, teachers, and peers in facilitating hands on learning
Zone of proximal development: represents the space between what learners can do on their own and what they are not ready to do at all → place where students are able to learn new, difficult things with help and support of others
What is Bronfenbrenner’s ecology theory
Emphasizes the cultural context and the roles, activities, and relationships engendered by that context that determine individual behavior to a greater or lesser degree
What are the 7 specific functional domains/streams Milestones are characterized as belonging to?
Gross motor skills
Fine motor skills
Language and communication
Cognitive and problem solving skills
Self care
Play
Social
True/False: Domains cannot be split or lumped together
FALSE
These domains can be split or lumped depending on why they are being used
Ex: when looking for ASD language and communication and social domains are lumped together into a larger communication/socialization domain to emphasize the broad range of skills important to social interactions
Language milestones may be split into expressive (spoken) and receptive (comprehension) skills
Why are developmental milestones necessary?
Developmental milestones are necessary for the assessment and management of children with potential developmental challenges
What are the 4 characteristics a useful milestone should have?
The most useful milestones have the following characteristics:
1. They emerge in most children within a reasonably narrow and predictable range of ages.
2. They are easy to observe and describe.
3. They don’t vary tremendously in appearance from person to person.
4. They are functionally relevant.
What are limitations to milestones?
Limitations
Milestones vary considerably in their level of precision
Milestones for language, social-emotional, and cognitive development are less precisely defines and have less support than those for motor milestones
What are primitive reflexes?
Primitive reflexes: programmed motor responses that are present at birth such as the ability to orient toward and suckle a nipple → gradually fade within first year and are replaced by voluntary motor responses
What are automatic movement reactions?
protective responses
What are adaptive skills?
Adaptive skills
Refer to the broad range of abilities that allow human beings to manipulate their environment
Pincer grasp: the ability to pick up a small object between the tips of the thumb and index finger
Palmar grasp reflex → radial palmar grasp
What is object permanence?
Object permanence: the early ability to create and sustain a stable mental image of objects
Fundamental to memory and is necessary to the development of all subsequent cognitive skills
What is stranger anxiety?
Unease in the presence of strangers
What is separation anxiety?
Fear at losing sight of a caregiver
What is theory of mind?
the ability to understand something about the thoughts and intentions of others – to perceive the world from their perspective
Fundamental to social cognition and human social interactions → lacking can lead to ASD
What is pretend play?
Pretend play: like having a tea party → ideas of intentionality and agency → acting to produce a particular result
What is parallel play?
Parallel play: playing in the company of other children
what is cooperative play?
Cooperative play: involving sharing, turn taking, and common goals
What is imaginative play?
Imaginative play: the ability to imagine that a thing is something other than itself ( a stick is a magic wand)
what is a developmental delay?
Developmental Delays: refer to the late emergence of a particular skill or milestone or the general slowing of development within or across broader domains of development
a significant lag in the attainment of milestones in one or more areas of development
What is a dissociated pattern of delay?
development that is more delayed in some domains than others
What is global developmental delay?
Global developmental delay: development that is significantly delayed across all domains
what is developmental surveillance?
Developmental surveillance: the process of review of developmental progress over time
Developmental surveillance
General processes of monitoring development progress
Employed especially by primary care providers, such as pediatricians
Methods vary widely
Depends on what that practice or doctor does → no formalized structure → because surveillance differs between providers things can be missed
What are screening tests used for?
Screening tests: are primarily designed to distinguish children who are at risk for developmental problems from those who are not → pass or fail
Developmental screening
Use of specific standardized screening tools
Recommended at 9,18, and 24 or 30 months for all children
Designed to identify children at risk for ongoing developmental problems
THIS DOES NOT DIAGNOSE
This screener would send up an alert that maybe a child needs to be looked at more
Next steps after failed screening
Early intervention (provision of services to ameliorate and promote developmental progress)
Can even get rid of the problem → ex: challenges w language
Developmental diagnosis
what is early intervention?
refers to a specific federally mandated program for children from birth to 3 years of age
What are the 4 fundamental questions that most parents have when they seek evaluation?
Four Fundamental Questions that most parents have when they seek evaluation:
1. What is wrong with my child? (Diagnosis)
2. What is going to happen to my child over time?
3. What can be done to improve my child’s condition? (Treatment
4. What caused my child’s condition? (Etiology)
What are the three streams of development?
Streams of Development
Motor
Gross, fine, and oral motor
Cognitive (central processing)
Language
Receptive
Expressive
Nonverbal problem solving/perceptual reasoning
Neurobehavioral
Social behavior
Adaptive emotional behavior, self regulation, and metal status
What is a developmental quotient?
a useful means of quantifying development within a stream as a percentage of normal
Ratio that is childs developmental age (DA) in a particular area od development / their chronological age (CA) multiplied by 100 → DQ=DA/CA x 100
If DQ is 60 then they are experiencing a 40% delay
What is developmental dissociation?
Developmental Dissociation: significant difference in developmental rates between two of the major areas of development
What is developmental deviance?
refers to non sequential unevenness in the achievement of milestones within one or more streams of development
True/False: All children with Global Developmental Delay will have ID
FALSE
Not all children with GDD will ultimately have ID because developmental trajectories may change but the greater the degree of GDD the higher the predictive validity
What is developmental regression?
Developmental Regression: the loss of previously attained milestones
20% of children with ASD lose previously established language and or social interaction skills at 21-24 months
What is the spectrum of developmental disabilities?
The various developmental disorders that result from neurologically based abnormalities in cognitive, motor, and neurobehavioral function have been referred to as the spectrum of developmental disabilities
How is severity determined?
Severity is determined by the degree of developmental delay, dissociation, and/or deviance, and, as with most other pathologies, the milder forms are more common than the most severe forms.
Why is diagnostic classification important?
Diagnostic classification is important for treatment planning, prognostication, and other aspects of clinical care for specific individuals as well as for etiologic and outcomes research and societal allocation of resources
What are the 5 elements a diagnostic evaluation should include?
The Diagnostic Evaluation should incorporate the following elements
Caregiver interview
Review of pertinent medical and educational records
Direct clinical assessment
Integration of information and determination of categorical diagnoses
Consideration of etiologic possibilities
PLUSSS
In addition to assessing each stream of development by history, the diagnostician evaluates each child by direct observation and elicitation
Formal testing is either completed by the clinician or the results of current testing done by professionals in other disciplines are reviewed or both.
Describe developmental milestones in early childhood
Developmental milestones: Early childhood
Milestone attainment tends to follow a particular sequence
Provides for early identification of possible problems
Four major areas of development
Language skills
Vocabulary explosion by 24 months
Social adaptive skills
Responsive smiling around 2 months/separation anxiety at 8-10 months
Gross motor skills
1st steps around 1 year of age
Fine motor development
Uses pincer grasp around 11 months
What are milestone charts?
Milestones charts are approximate ages that skills will be attained–things differ from child to child for many reasons
Lack of opportunity to develop those muscles
Environment
Parenting
What kinds of atypical development can be seen in the first 2 years of life?
Early identification
Early infancy
Typically more severe impairments – tend to be obvious upon physical exam
Lack of responsiveness
Unusual muscle tone
Poor suck reflex/feeding difficulties
Between 6-18 months
Delay of motor milestones
After 18 months
Language concerns and atypical behavior
Social behaviors are not progressing as expected
The early detection the better
What is atypical development?
Atypical development represents a departure from expected development
Delays: may be global )across multiple domains) or dissociated (predominantly occurring in specific domains)
Deviance/divergence: development that is off track
What is special education?
Special Education: specially designed instruction, at no cost to parents, to meet the unique needs of a child with a disability
All SE services are individualized to provide the instruction necessary to reach each students goals
What does IDEA guarantee?
IDEA guarantees a free appropriate public education (FAPE) for all students with disabilities ages 3-21 no matter of severity
Special education legislation offers services through this age for students with disabilities who 1) have not earned all of their credits toward graduation, 2) need additional transition services, or 3) are earning an alternative certificate rather than gen-ed diploma
For a student to receive special education services, he or she must have a physical, cognitive, or behavioral impairment that interferes with the ability to benefit from instruction in the general classroom curriculum
Students who qualify are provided services through an IEP
What are some disabilities recognized by IDEA?
Disabilities recognized by IDEA:
Intellectual disability
Hearing impairments (including deafness)
Speech or language impairments
Visual impairments (including blindness)
Emotional disturbances
Orthopedic impairments
Autism
Traumatic brain injury
Other health impairments (including chronic diseases and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD] if they impair educational performance)
Specific learning disabilities
Deaf-blindness
Multiple disabilities
Young child with a developmental delay (ages 3–9)
What are related services?
Related services: transportation and such developmental, corrective, and other supportive services… as may be required to assist a student with a disability to benefit from special education
Speech- language pathology and audiology services
Psychological services
Physical and occupational therapy
Recreation, including therapeutic recreation
Social work services
Counseling services, including rehabilitation counseling
Orientation and mobility services, including therapeutic recreation
Medical services
Nurse services
What does the ADA do?
The ADA creates access to physical barriers
Mandating an elevator or lift in a school building if needed for a student with a physical disability
What does Section 504 do?
Section 504 creates access to programmatic needs
Requiring a place to rest and shortened assignments if needed for a student with cancer who is receiving chemotherapy
Protects people who have a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, have a record of such impairment, or are regarded as having such an impairment
Ex: major life activities: caring for oneself, walking, seeing, speaking, breathing etc..
Mitigating measures such as medication cannot be considered when determining disability for a 504
What students are covered by 504 but not IDEA?
Students covered by 504 but not IDEA
Students with communicable diseases (e.g., HIV)
Students with food allergies
Students with asthma
Students with attention disorders without significant academic deficiencies
Students with Tourette syndrome, epilepsy, diabetes, or cancer
Students with impairments as a result of emotional illness or former misclassification of intellectual disability (Office of Civil Rights, 1995)