BIO 103 Final

enzymes

proteins that speed up chemical reactions without being used up

valence electrons

electrons in the outermost shell that participate in bonding

heterozygous

having 2 different alleles for a gene

structural formula

a diagram showing how atoms are connected in a molecule

protons

positively charged particle found in the nucleus

evolution

change in population over generations through inherited traits

entropy

measure of disorder or randomness in a system

holdfast

structure that anchors algae to a surgface

zygote

fertilized egg cell

chloroplyll

green pigment that captures light for photosynthesis

autosomes

chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes

molecules

2 or more atoms chemically bonded together

aerobic respiration

process that uses oxygen to produce ATP

exergonic

releases energy

kilocalorie

1,000 calories; unit of food energy

eukaryotic

cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

prokaryotic

cell without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

population

members of the same species living in one area

anabolism

builds larger molecules from smaller ones using energy

neutron

neutral particle found in the nucleus

energy

capacity to do work or cause change

lysosomes

organelles containing digestive enzymes

taxonomist

scientists who classifies organisms

electrons

negatively charged particles outside the nucleus

heredity

passing traits from parents to offspring

mitochondria

powerhouse of cell

molecular formula

formula showing the number of each type of atom in a molecule

centromere

region joining 2 sister chromatids on a chromosome

atomic mass

total number of protons and neutrons

ions

atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electrons, giving them a positive or negative charge

metabolism

the sum of all chemical reactions in a living organism

species

a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

nucleus

the control center of a eukaryote cell that contains DNA

atom

the smallest unit of an element that retains its properties

hybrid

an organism with two different alleles for a trait (heterozygous)

homeostasis

the maintenance of a stable internal environment

hypotonic

a solution with a lower solute concentration than the cell; water moves into cell

catabolism

the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy

genotype

the genetic makeup (allele combination) of an organism

osmosis

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

autotrophs

organisms that make their own food using sunlight or chemical energy

diffusion

the movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration

cohesion

the attraction between molecules of the same substance (such as water)

codon

a 3 nucleotide sequence in nRNA that codes for an amino acid

atomic number

the number of protons in an atoms nucleus

phages

viruses that infect bacteria

cytogenetic

the study of chromosomes and their role in heredity

adaptation

an inherited trait that improves an organisms survival or reproduction

phenotype

the observable charactaristics of an organism

dominant

an allele that is expressed whenever it is present

kilojoule

a unit of energy

locus

the specific location of a gene on a chromosome

genes

segments of NDA that code for proteins or determine traits

endergonic

a reaction that requires an input of energy

recessive

an allele expressed only when 2 copies are present

allele

an alternative form of a gene

hypertonic

a solution with a higher solute concentration than the cell; water moves out of the cell

electrons

negatively charged particles found outside the nucleus

homozygous

having 2 identical alleles for a gene