Bio 111 final exam

To be considered living, an organism must minimally consist of

one or more cells

cohesion is a property of water in which water molecules tend to stick together

true

consumers

organisms that obtain energy and nutrients by eating either living or dead organisms are called

_ bonds are formed between monomers to form a polymer

covalent

the atomic number of an element is the number of

Protons in the nucleus

organisms that make their own food by capturing energy from nonliving resources (solar energy) are called

primary producers

in living organisms, emergent properties

are functions that arise from interactions between a systems components

an enzyme is

an organic molecule that catalyzes a chemical reaction

In an experimental procedure, the researcher has established multiple levels of a chemical, or amounts of light, or some other factor at the beginning of the experiment, in order to determine if and how much the biological system responds. The manipulated factor at varying levels is the

independent variable

Thinking about life's organizational hierarchy in a biological system, which of the following is the correct sequence from the smallest unit to the largest unit?

atom- molecule- organelle- cell-tissue

competitive inhibition of enzymes occurs

when a substance other than the substrate binds at the active site of an enzyme

The group of organic molecule polymers with the most complex and diverse three dimensional structure

proteins

Having the typical ration of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen of carbohydrates, the chemical formula for glucose is

C6H1206

what is an example of a compound

a hydrogen ion H+

The hierarchy of life extends past individual organisms. Which of the following is the correct sequence, from least inclusive to most inclusive, following an individual organism?

population - community - ecosystem - biosphere

A major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that whereas prokaryotes

do not have a nucleus, eukaryotes have a nucleus in their cells.

The region of an enzyme that catalyzes reactions is called a(n)

active site

The molecule that fits into the active site of an enzyme and reacts with the enzyme is

a substrate

a base

is a chemical that absorbs hydrogen ions from a solution

The four major groups of organic compounds are

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

how many hydrogen atoms are in the molecule methane (CH4)

4

The four most abundant elements needed by the human body are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Because these are needed in large amounts to support our cells, these are referred to as

bulk elements

Enzymes speed chemical reactions by

lowering the energy required to start a chemical reaction

Which of these is not a required characteristic of life?

locomotion

A structure, such as a flower in plants, or a liver in animals, consisting of tissues organized to carry out a specific function is a(n)

organ

In an experimental procedure, the researcher measures changes, such as cell growth rates, numbers of patients with a disease, etc. in response to factors manipulated at the beginning of the experiment. This measure of change in response to the initial conditions is the

dependent variable

If a carbohydrate polymer is limited to two monomer units, such as sucrose made from glucose and fructose, it is called

a disaccharide

the energy in chemical bonds

Kinetic energy can be described as energy in motion. Which of the following is not an example of kinetic energy?

Any energy transformation loses some energy to its surroundings as heat.

not part of the first law of thermodynamics

glucose

the main organic product of photosynthesis is

oxygen

The main by-product molecule of photosynthesis that is released into the environment is

is hypertonic to the environment

If a cell has a greater concentration of solute than its environment, the cell

adds a phosphate group to a molecule, removes a phosphate group rom a molecule, may energize the target molecule, may change the shape of the target molecule

The process of phosphorylation

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable (biological) membrane is

osmosis

During low tide a plant cell will have an advantage over an animal cell because of its

cell wall

Organisms that make their own organic compounds from inorganic substances are called

autotrophs

Photosynthesis is

an energy transfer process that produces glucose and oxygen.

The breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water is an

exergonic reaction in cellular respiration.

The reactants of photosynthesis are

water and carbon dioxide

Organisms that rely on the consumption of preexisting organic molecules for life are called

heterotrophs

example of potential energy

chemical bonds and concentration gradients.

Simple diffusion

does not require energy

which of these organisms photosynthesis

plants, algae, and cyanobacteria

An endergonic reaction is a reaction that is characterized by

often having higher energy in product molecules than the reactants, and yielding larger product molecules.

Movement of molecules down a concentration gradient is an example of

kinetic energy.

Discrete packets of kinetic energy in light are called

photons

The energy source for the process of photosynthesis is

sunlight

Glycolysis occurs in the

cytoplasm

A single strand of DNA consists of covalently bonded building blocks called

nucleotides

The building blocks of nucleic acids are

nucleotides

In a molecule of DNA, hydrogen bonds hold together the two strands, such as hydrogen bonds that form when

adenine pairs with thymine.

RNA differs from DNA in that

RNA contains uracil, Some RNA molecules can catalyze bond formation, and RNA contains ribose, RNA is usually single stranded.

In animal, plant, fungal, and algal cells, the primary organelle that generates molecules of ATP is the

Mitochondria

Complementary DNA strands are held together by

hydrogen bonds

The step of translation in which an mRNA, a small ribosomal subunit, and tRNA carrying methionine, are aligned together is

initiation

The products of cellular respiration are

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

In a eukaryotic cell, the Krebs cycle occurs in the

Mitochondria

Fermentation is most common in

both human muscle cells, and intestinal bacteria.

Before a desired gene can be spliced into a bacterial plasmid cloning vector, the gene must first be

precisely cut with a restriction enzyme.

What type of mutation has occurred in the following?
Normal allele 5'–GGAAUGAAACAGGAACCC–3'
Mutant allele 5'–GGAAUGAAACAGGUACCC–3'

substitution

What type of mutation has occurred in the following?
Normal allele 5'–GGAAUGAAACAGGAACCC–3'
Mutant allele 5'–GGAAUGAAAUCAGGAACCC–3'

insertion of one base

In DNA, the "rungs" between the two strands of DNA are formed from the

hydrogen bonds between nitrogen base pairs.

Thinking about the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in plants, plants are net

O₂ producers and CO₂ consumers.

During DNA replication, the lagging strand is synthesized by forming Okazaki fragments. The enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments together is

ligase

The central dogma refers to

the flow of genetic information in cells, from a gene sequence in DNA to a specific protein.

The first transgenic organism was

a bacterium.

The process by which DNA is reproduced, with the use of associated enzymes, is

DNA replication.

A transgenic organism has DNA from multiple sources.

true

The genome of an organism is all of its

genetic material.

During DNA replication, the enzyme that unwinds and separates the DNA double-helical molecule is

helicase

The chemical formula for glucose is

C₆H₁₂O₆.

The four nitrogen bases that are found in the different nucleotides of DNA are

adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.

A change in a cell's DNA sequence is

mutation

The reactants for cellular respiration are

glucose and oxygen.

The nucleotides called pyrimidines include

thymine and cytosine.