Applied Anatomy W1 Q1

Prone position

lying face down on stomach

supine position

lying face up on back

Trendelenburg position

lying on back with body tilted so that the head is lower than the feet (used to treat low bp)

Reverse trendelenburg position

lying on back with body tilted so the feet are lower than the head

Superior

Toward the head or upper part of the structure

Cranial

toward the head or upper part of the structure

Inferior

away from the head; toward the lower part

Caudal

Away from the head; toward the lower part

Anterior

toward the front of the body

Ventral

toward the front of the body

Posterior

toward the back of the body

Dorsal

toward the back of the body

Medial

toward the midline of the body

lateral

away from the midline of the body

Proximal

closer to the point of attachment (trunk or origin)

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment or origin

Superficial

Toward or on the surface of the body

Deep

away from the surface, more internal

Anterolateral

toward the front and side

Anteromedial

toward the front and midline

Posterolateral

toward the back and side

Posteromedial

toward the back and midline

Inferolateral

lower and toward the side

Superomedial

upper and toward the midline

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

Frontal plane

divides body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions

Transverse plane

divides body into inferior and superior portions

Flexion

decreases angle between two body segments

Extension

Increase the angle between two body segments or returns a join from flexion towards anatomical position

Abduction

movement away from the body's midline

Adduction

movement toward body's midline

Horizontal abduction

movement of the arm or thigh away from the body's midline while the limb is positioned at 90 degrees of flexion (transverse plane)

Horizontal adduction

movement of the arm or thigh across the body's midline while the limb is positioned at 90 degrees of flexion (transverse plane)

lateral flexion

Side bending of the neck or trunk away from the midline (ear to shoulder)

Internal (medial) rotation

rotation of bone toward body's midline

External (lateral) rotation

rotation of a bone away from the body's midline

Supination

rotation of the forearm so the palm faces upward or forward in anatomical position

Pronation

rotation of the forearm so the palm faces downward or backward in anatomical position

Dorsiflexion

Movement of the foot that points toes up, towards the shin

plantarflexion

movement of the foot that points toes downward, away from skin

Elevation

upward movement of a body part (shrugging shoulders, jaw open/close)

Depression

Downward movement of a body part, such as lowering the shoulders/jaw

Inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward toward midline

Eversion

Turning the sole of the foot outward away from body's midline

Shoulder (glenohumeral) joint type

ball and socket

Hip (Acetabulofemoral) joint type

ball and socket

Elbow (humeroulnar) joint type

hinge

Knee (tibiofemoral) joint type

Modified hinge (slight rotation occurs, only in flexion)

Proximal and distal radioulnar joint type

pivot

Atlantoaxial (C1-C2) Joint type

pivot

Radiocarpal (wrist) joint type

Condyloid (ellipsoid), 2 axis

Thumb Carpometacarpal (CMC) joint type

Saddle

Intercarpal joint type

plane (gliding)

Protraction

moving a part forward (jaw/scapula)

Retraction

moving a part back toward midline(jaw/scapula)

Opposition

Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips

Joint Capsule

Dense fibrous sleeve around synovial joint, provides stability, contains synovial fluid

Joint capsule passive restraint

Keeps body parts attached

Joint active restraint

muscle tone & contractions keep joint connected

Ligament

connect bone to bone; joint stability

Tendons

connect muscle to bone; transfer force

Close-pack position

maximal contact between articular surfaces; maximal tension on surrounding ligaments (knee in full extension)

Open-pack position

Least surface contact, laxity of surrounding ligaments, increased joint mobility (knee in flexion)

Origin

attachment that moves the least, provides stable base for the muscle to pull against (usually proximal)

Insertion

More moveable attachment, typically moves toward the origin when muscle contracts (usually distal)

Agonist muscle

primary muscle responsible for generating a specific movement (harry potter)

Antagonist muscle

opposes the action of the agonist muscle, providing balance and control (draco)

Synergist muscle

assist the agonist in performing a movement, ensuring it is smooth and effective (ron & hermione)

Isometric muscle contraction

contraction with no change in length (holding a phone steady)

isotonic muscle contraction

contraction with change in muscle length and joint motion (eccentric & concentric)

Concentric muscle contraction

muscle shortens (raising a mug)

Eccentric muscle contraction

muscle lengthening (lowering a mug)