zoology comparative vertebrates anatomy (vertebrate story)

Chordate Characteristics

The four main characteristics of chordates: notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and postanal tail.

Monophyletic Grouping

A grouping that includes all the descendants of a common ancestor, reflecting evolutionary relationships.

Paraphyletic Grouping

A grouping that does not include all the descendants of a common ancestor.

Notochord

A flexible rod for support, which becomes the floor of the skull in the head region and is surrounded by vertebrae in the trunk and tail.

Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord

Develops into the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord.

Pharyngeal Slits

Slits that can change into other structures; used in filter feeding and gas exchange.

Postanal Tail

A tail that is used for balance and is not present in humans.

Cyclostomes

Jawless vertebrates like lampreys that lack bones and paired appendages.

Chondrichthyes

Class of cartilaginous fishes, including sharks, that have a cartilaginous skeleton and lack swim bladders.

Actinopterygii

Ray-finned fishes with a bony skeleton, scales, swim bladder, and a two-chambered heart.

Sarcopterygii

Lobed-finned fishes that are covered in scales and possess lungs for respiration.

Tetrapods

Four-legged vertebrates that adapted to land environments, featuring hind and forelimbs.

Lissamphibia

Modern amphibians, characterized by ectothermy and a three-chambered heart.

Amniotic Egg

An egg that can survive outside of water, allowing for the reproduction of terrestrial vertebrates.

Synapsids

A group characterized by a single temporal fenestra, which includes modern mammals.

Diapsids

A group characterized by two temporal fenestrae, including reptiles and birds.

Mammalia

Class of endothermic animals characterized by mammary glands and hair.

Hominoids

A group that includes modern humans and their ancestors, exhibiting traits like bipedalism and enlarged brains.

Homo luzonensis

A newly identified species of hominin from the Late Pleistocene found in the Philippines.

Neanderthal Genes

Genetic traits inherited from Neanderthals that are associated with COVID-19 risk factors.

Osteichthyes

(Actinopterygii + Sarcopterygii) Composed of : bony skeleton and Lungs/Swim bladder

coelacanths

Unlike lungfish, the lungs of _______ a filled with oil which helps in buoyanc

Why would vertebrates come to land?

➢ Becs. of Competition in aquatic environments, To Escape from predators , Becs of Abundant/ unexploited food sources

Testudines (The Turtles)

composed of ;

1. Ribs modified into plat - Carapace - Plastron 2. Jaws with no teeth

LEPIDOSAURIA