Agrarian Reform and Taxation in the Philippines

These flashcards summarize key concepts related to agrarian reform and taxation in the Philippines, covering historical developments and current taxation policies.

What was the primary land ownership system in the Philippines before the Spanish period?

Land was generally owned communally, with local chiefs (datus) holding the most power.

What was the Encomienda System introduced by the Spanish?

It granted land to Spanish settlers (encomienderos) in exchange for defending the area and supporting the Catholic Church.

What was Emilio Aguinaldo's plan regarding land in the First Philippine Republic?

To confiscate large estates, especially those owned by the Catholic Church (Friar lands).

What did the Philippine Bill of 1902 establish regarding land ownership?

It set limits on how much land individuals and corporations could own.

What was the main objective of the Tenancy Act of 1933?

To regulate the relationship between landowners and tenants.

What did President Manuel L. Quezon emphasize during the Commonwealth Period?

The importance of social justice and implemented programs to address social unrest.

What was the Hukbalahap during the Japanese occupation?

A peasant movement that took control of many areas in Central Luzon.

What was the 70-30 sharing implemented by President Manuel A. Roxas?

A system giving tenants a larger share of the harvest.

What did the Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954 aim to improve?

The relationship between landowners and tenants, creating the Court of Agrarian Relations.

What is the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL)?

A law passed in 1988 that provides a framework for land distribution and promotes social justice.

What is the income tax rate range for individuals in the Philippines?

0% to 35% depending on the income level.

What is the corporate income tax rate for domestic corporations?

Generally 25%, but micro, small, and medium-sized companies enjoy a preferential rate of 20%.

What is the estate tax rate in the Philippines?

A tax rate of 6% on the assets of a deceased person.

What is the Value-Added Tax (VAT) rate in the Philippines?

A 12% tax imposed on most goods and services.

What are excise taxes in the Philippines?

Taxes imposed on specific goods like alcohol, tobacco, and fuel to discourage consumption and raise revenue.

What reforms were introduced by the Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion (TRAIN) Law?

To simplify the tax system, reduce rates for certain income brackets, and improve tax administration.