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deposed
to be removed from office
Nineteen Propositions
Presented on 1 June 1642; called for regular Parliaments, anti-Catholic measures, Parliament in command of army, Parliament approves key appointments, and reform of Anglican Church.
Oxford Treaty 1643
Slightly moderated version of Nineteen Propositions; rejected by Charles.
Uxbridge Proposals 1645
Proposed in January 1643; revised in March; abandoned in April due to being too radical and Charles being optimistic of complete military victory.
Battle of Philiphaugh
A significant battle where the Royalist Scottish Army of the Earl of Montrose was destroyed by Leslie's Covenanter army in September 1645.
Scottish Parliament's decision on 16 January
The Scottish Parliament voted to return the king to England.
First down payment from England
Received on 30 January; amounting to £100,000.
Second down payment
Received on 3 February.
Charles's living conditions at Holdenby Hall
Lived in luxury, attended by 120 servants, allowed 28 dishes of food each day.
Charles's agreement on Presbyterian governance
He agreed to introduce Presbyterian Church governance.
Militia control agreement
Charles agreed to pass control of the militia to Parliament for ten years, after which it should revert to the Crown.
Provenance
The origin or source of a document, which is important for assessing its reliability as evidence.
Royalist defeat at Naseby
A crucial defeat in June 1645 that led to the inevitable Royalist defeat.
Charles's surrender to the Scots
By April 1646, he fled in disguise and handed himself over to the Scottish Army at Newark.
Charles's expectations from the Scots
He expected to benefit politically from the tensions between Scotland and England.
Scottish garrisons in England
All Scottish garrisons in England were handed over by 11 February.
Charles's treatment by the Scots
The Scots agreed to respect his conscience and ensure his safety.
Historical context of 1646
The difficulties of making a peace settlement during this time were influenced by various political and military factors.
Charles's refusal to agree with the Scottish Parliament
His refusal led to the Scots putting their next strategy into operation.
Festival atmosphere during Charles's departure
There was a festival atmosphere when the Parliamentary forces took Charles I from Newcastle.
Charles's quip during his departure
He quipped, 'They have sold me too cheap.'
Scottish Parliament's conditions for the king
The king had to subscribe to the Covenant and the Nineteen Propositions.
Charles's support during his journey
He was cheered to see two miles of supporters lining the road as he approached Leeds.
Charles's attendance at church
He did not attend church on Sundays as Parliament refused to allow him an Anglican chaplain.
Significant garrison
Charles was guarded by a significant garrison of soldiers.
Robert Gordon
A Scottish nobleman who wrote a history of the Civil War in 1649.
Propositions of Newcastle
Parliament's demands sent to King Charles I, 1646.
Political Presbyterians
Parliamentary faction advocating Presbyterian governance.
Directory of Worship
New prayer book replacing the Book of Common Prayer.
Scottish Prayer Book
Original liturgical text replaced by the Directory.
Militia Control
Parliament to manage military forces for 20 years.
Triennial Act
Law ensuring regular Parliament meetings to limit monarchy.
Royalist Punishments
Fifty-eight Royalists punished, others pardoned.
Charles I's Strategy
Hoped for divisions in Parliament to regain power.
Jean de Montreuil
French diplomat reporting on English political affairs.
George Digby
Close advisor to Charles I, involved in political intrigues.
Venetian Ambassador
Sent reports on English politics to Venice.
Bristol Surrender
Charles I's nephew lost Bristol, causing royal distress.
King's Cabinet Opened
Document detailing Charles I's political strategies.
Scottish Wars
Conflict sparked by changes to religious governance.
Peace Proposals
Charles I's attempts to negotiate peace in 1646.
Parliamentary Divisions
Internal conflicts within Parliament affecting governance.
Ordinance of Parliament
Legislation for implementing the Directory of Worship.
Civil War Timeline
Key events from 1642 to 1646 during the conflict.
Scottish Alliance
Scots allied with Parliament against King Charles I.
Charles I's Prevarication
Delaying tactics in response to Parliament's demands.
Capture of Charles
Scottish forces attempted to capture the king in 1646.
Final Settlement
Parliament's last attempt to negotiate with Charles I.
Political Context
The environment of conflict influencing decisions in 1646.
Cardinal Mazarin
French Minister concerned about English parliamentary power.
Earl of Bedford
Noble involved in the political landscape of the period.
Cowardly Action
Charles I's criticism of his nephew's military decisions.
Montreuil's Mission
To persuade Charles I to ally with Scots.
First Civil War
Conflict in England from 1642 to 1651.
Political Independents
Parliament members advocating for religious freedom.
Self-Denying Ordinance
Legislation limiting MPs' military roles.
New Model Army
Reformed parliamentary army established in 1645.
Denzil Holles
Key leader of the Political Presbyterians.
Oliver Cromwell
Leader of the Political Independents.
Battle of Naseby
Decisive battle in June 1645.
Westminster Assembly
Gathering to discuss church governance during Civil War.
Dissenting Brethren
Minority group favoring church toleration.
Clubmen Associations
Local groups formed to maintain order during war.
Gentry
Local elites losing authority during the war.
Taxation
Increased financial burden due to war costs.
Army Mutinies
Soldier unrest due to pay issues.
Civil War Impact
High adult male military service affecting society.
Charles I Surrender
King surrendered to Scots in April 1646.
Political Allegiance
Support based on strategic rather than ideological reasons.
Religious Settlement
Attempts to unify church governance post-war.
Social Cohesion
Community stability threatened by war and taxation.
Poor Harvests
Agricultural failures contributing to social tension.
Lord Goring
Royalist commander defeated by Parliamentary forces.
Negotiation Attempts
Four major efforts to settle with Charles I.
Political Skill
Ability to manage and unify parliamentary factions.
Military Victory
Independents aimed for decisive win over Royalists.
