War and Radicalism in England, 1642-1646

deposed

to be removed from office

Nineteen Propositions

Presented on 1 June 1642; called for regular Parliaments, anti-Catholic measures, Parliament in command of army, Parliament approves key appointments, and reform of Anglican Church.

Oxford Treaty 1643

Slightly moderated version of Nineteen Propositions; rejected by Charles.

Uxbridge Proposals 1645

Proposed in January 1643; revised in March; abandoned in April due to being too radical and Charles being optimistic of complete military victory.

Battle of Philiphaugh

A significant battle where the Royalist Scottish Army of the Earl of Montrose was destroyed by Leslie's Covenanter army in September 1645.

Scottish Parliament's decision on 16 January

The Scottish Parliament voted to return the king to England.

First down payment from England

Received on 30 January; amounting to £100,000.

Second down payment

Received on 3 February.

Charles's living conditions at Holdenby Hall

Lived in luxury, attended by 120 servants, allowed 28 dishes of food each day.

Charles's agreement on Presbyterian governance

He agreed to introduce Presbyterian Church governance.

Militia control agreement

Charles agreed to pass control of the militia to Parliament for ten years, after which it should revert to the Crown.

Provenance

The origin or source of a document, which is important for assessing its reliability as evidence.

Royalist defeat at Naseby

A crucial defeat in June 1645 that led to the inevitable Royalist defeat.

Charles's surrender to the Scots

By April 1646, he fled in disguise and handed himself over to the Scottish Army at Newark.

Charles's expectations from the Scots

He expected to benefit politically from the tensions between Scotland and England.

Scottish garrisons in England

All Scottish garrisons in England were handed over by 11 February.

Charles's treatment by the Scots

The Scots agreed to respect his conscience and ensure his safety.

Historical context of 1646

The difficulties of making a peace settlement during this time were influenced by various political and military factors.

Charles's refusal to agree with the Scottish Parliament

His refusal led to the Scots putting their next strategy into operation.

Festival atmosphere during Charles's departure

There was a festival atmosphere when the Parliamentary forces took Charles I from Newcastle.

Charles's quip during his departure

He quipped, 'They have sold me too cheap.'

Scottish Parliament's conditions for the king

The king had to subscribe to the Covenant and the Nineteen Propositions.

Charles's support during his journey

He was cheered to see two miles of supporters lining the road as he approached Leeds.

Charles's attendance at church

He did not attend church on Sundays as Parliament refused to allow him an Anglican chaplain.

Significant garrison

Charles was guarded by a significant garrison of soldiers.

Robert Gordon

A Scottish nobleman who wrote a history of the Civil War in 1649.

Propositions of Newcastle

Parliament's demands sent to King Charles I, 1646.

Political Presbyterians

Parliamentary faction advocating Presbyterian governance.

Directory of Worship

New prayer book replacing the Book of Common Prayer.

Scottish Prayer Book

Original liturgical text replaced by the Directory.

Militia Control

Parliament to manage military forces for 20 years.

Triennial Act

Law ensuring regular Parliament meetings to limit monarchy.

Royalist Punishments

Fifty-eight Royalists punished, others pardoned.

Charles I's Strategy

Hoped for divisions in Parliament to regain power.

Jean de Montreuil

French diplomat reporting on English political affairs.

George Digby

Close advisor to Charles I, involved in political intrigues.

Venetian Ambassador

Sent reports on English politics to Venice.

Bristol Surrender

Charles I's nephew lost Bristol, causing royal distress.

King's Cabinet Opened

Document detailing Charles I's political strategies.

Scottish Wars

Conflict sparked by changes to religious governance.

Peace Proposals

Charles I's attempts to negotiate peace in 1646.

Parliamentary Divisions

Internal conflicts within Parliament affecting governance.

Ordinance of Parliament

Legislation for implementing the Directory of Worship.

Civil War Timeline

Key events from 1642 to 1646 during the conflict.

Scottish Alliance

Scots allied with Parliament against King Charles I.

Charles I's Prevarication

Delaying tactics in response to Parliament's demands.

Capture of Charles

Scottish forces attempted to capture the king in 1646.

Final Settlement

Parliament's last attempt to negotiate with Charles I.

Political Context

The environment of conflict influencing decisions in 1646.

Cardinal Mazarin

French Minister concerned about English parliamentary power.

Earl of Bedford

Noble involved in the political landscape of the period.

Cowardly Action

Charles I's criticism of his nephew's military decisions.

Montreuil's Mission

To persuade Charles I to ally with Scots.

First Civil War

Conflict in England from 1642 to 1651.

Political Independents

Parliament members advocating for religious freedom.

Self-Denying Ordinance

Legislation limiting MPs' military roles.

New Model Army

Reformed parliamentary army established in 1645.

Denzil Holles

Key leader of the Political Presbyterians.

Oliver Cromwell

Leader of the Political Independents.

Battle of Naseby

Decisive battle in June 1645.

Westminster Assembly

Gathering to discuss church governance during Civil War.

Dissenting Brethren

Minority group favoring church toleration.

Clubmen Associations

Local groups formed to maintain order during war.

Gentry

Local elites losing authority during the war.

Taxation

Increased financial burden due to war costs.

Army Mutinies

Soldier unrest due to pay issues.

Civil War Impact

High adult male military service affecting society.

Charles I Surrender

King surrendered to Scots in April 1646.

Political Allegiance

Support based on strategic rather than ideological reasons.

Religious Settlement

Attempts to unify church governance post-war.

Social Cohesion

Community stability threatened by war and taxation.

Poor Harvests

Agricultural failures contributing to social tension.

Lord Goring

Royalist commander defeated by Parliamentary forces.

Negotiation Attempts

Four major efforts to settle with Charles I.

Political Skill

Ability to manage and unify parliamentary factions.

Military Victory

Independents aimed for decisive win over Royalists.