Immune /endocrine system cards with the specific hormones to know

Insulin

Produced by the pancreas (beta cells). Lowers blood glucose by signaling cells to absorb sugar.

Glucagon

Produced by the pancreas (alpha cells). Raises blood glucose by promoting the breakdown of glycogen into glucose.

Thyroxine (T4)

Produced by the thyroid gland. Regulates metabolism, heart rate, and energy levels.

Epinephrine (Adrenaline)

Produced by the adrenal medulla. Triggers the fight-or-flight response—increases heart rate, blood pressure, and energy.

Growth Hormone (GH)

Produced by the anterior pituitary. Stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration.

Oxytocin

Produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary. Stimulates uterine contractions during labor; involved in bonding.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary. Promotes water reabsorption in kidneys to regulate fluid balance.

Melatonin

Produced by the pineal gland. Regulates sleep-wake cycles (circadian rhythms).

Estrogen

Produced by the ovaries. Regulates female reproductive cycle; development of secondary sex characteristics.

Progesterone

Produced by the ovaries. Maintains uterine lining during pregnancy.

Testosterone

Produced by the testes. Regulates male reproductive system; development of secondary sex characteristics.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Produced by the parathyroid glands. Increases blood calcium levels by stimulating bone breakdown.

Calcitonin

Produced by the thyroid gland. Lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown.

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Produced by the anterior pituitary. Stimulates egg development in ovaries and sperm production in testes.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Produced by the anterior pituitary. Triggers ovulation in females and testosterone production in males.

Prolactin

Produced by the anterior pituitary. Stimulates milk production after childbirth.

Cortisol

Produced by the adrenal cortex. Manages stress, increases blood sugar, and suppresses the immune response.

Identify Structures of the Endocrine System: Which of the following glands releases epinephrine during stress?

Adrenal glands

Identify Structures of the Endocrine System: Which of the following structures secretes releasing hormones?

Hypothalamus

Identify Structures of the Endocrine System: Which of the following is a function of the pineal gland?

Releasing melatonin

Identify Structures of the Endocrine System: Which gland controls the activity of other endocrine glands?

Pituitary gland

Identify Structures of the Endocrine System: Where is the thyroid gland located?

In the neck

Identify the Functions of the Endocrine System: Which of the following best describes the kind of message sent in the endocrine system?

Chemical signals that travel through the bloodstream

Identify the Functions of the Endocrine System: Which hormone signals cells to absorb sugar from the blood?

Insulin

Identify the Functions of the Endocrine System: Which hormone is released in response to stress and increases heart rate and metabolism?

Epinephrine

Identify the Functions of the Endocrine System: Which hormone is responsible for regulating the sleep cycle?

Melatonin

Identify the Functions of the Endocrine System: What is a function of reproductive hormones like estrogen and testosterone?

Control sexual development and gamete production

Identify the Role of the Endocrine System in Homeostasis : Which hormone helps regulate the amount of water in the blood?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Identify the Role of the Endocrine System in Homeostasis : What happens after eating in terms of glucose and hormones?

Blood glucose rises and insulin is released

Identify the Role of the Endocrine System in Homeostasis : What is homeostasis?

The maintenance of a stable internal environment

Identify Positive and Negative Feedback Mechanisms : Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback mechanism?

Oxytocin increasing uterine contractions during labor

Identify Positive and Negative Feedback Mechanisms : Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?

Insulin secretion stopping when blood glucose is normal

Identify Positive and Negative Feedback Mechanisms : What is a negative feedback mechanism?

A process that reverses a change to return the body to homeostasis

Identify Positive and Negative Feedback Mechanisms : What is a positive feedback mechanism?

A process that amplifies a change until a specific outcome is reached

Identify the Relationship Between the Endocrine and Nervous Systems : How does the endocrine system differ from the nervous system?

It responds more slowly but has longer-lasting effects

Identify the Relationship Between the Endocrine and Nervous Systems : What is the neuroendocrine connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

The hypothalamus sends releasing or inhibiting hormones to control the pituitary

Identify the Relationship Between the Endocrine and Nervous Systems : During labor, how do the nervous and endocrine systems interact?

Cervical pressure triggers a neural signal to release oxytocin for contractions

Identify Structures of the Immune System, Including Types of Cells : Which of the following types of immune cells are responsible for producing antibodies?

Plasma cells

Identify Structures of the Immune System, Including Types of Cells : Which immune cells engulf pathogens and present their antigens to helper T cells?

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

Identify Structures of the Immune System, Including Types of Cells: What type of immune cell is activated by cytokines to destroy infected cells?

Cytotoxic T cells

Identify Structures of the Immune System, Including Types of Cells : Which cells "remember" an antigen and help the body respond faster to future infections?

Memory B cells

Identify Structures of the Immune System, Including Types of Cells : What type of cell is primarily targeted by the HIV virus?

Helper T cells

Identify the Functions of the Immune System : Which of the following best describes the role of the immune system?

It defends the body against pathogens while allowing harmless substances to enter

Identify the Functions of the Immune System : What is the purpose of a vaccine?

To introduce antigens and stimulate antibody production for future protection

Identify the Functions of the Immune System : Which immune response is responsible for producing antibodies found in body fluids?

Humoral response (adaptive immunity using B cells and antibodies)

Identify the Functions of the Immune System : What is the role of cytokines in immune response?

Signal other immune cells like cytotoxic T cells

Identify the Functions of the Immune System : Which of the following is a barrier that helps prevent pathogens from entering the body?

Mucus

Identify the Relationship Between the Immune System and Other Body Systems in Forming the Three Lines of Defense : Which of the following is part of the body’s first line of defense?

Skin and secretions like mucus and acid

Identify the Relationship Between the Immune System and Other Body Systems in Forming the Three Lines of Defense : A bacteria enters through a cut in the skin. What immune response happens next?

Histamines are released to trigger inflammation

Identify the Relationship Between the Immune System and Other Body Systems in Forming the Three Lines of Defense : What is the role of histamines in the inflammatory response?

Increase blood flow and attract phagocytes to the site of infection

Identify the Relationship Between the Immune System and Other Body Systems in Forming the Three Lines of Defense : What is the function of natural killer (NK) cells?

Attack host cells that are infected with intracellular pathogens

Identify the Relationship Between the Immune System and Other Body Systems in Forming the Three Lines of Defense : Which protein prevents viruses from replicating inside host cells?

Interferon

Identify the Relationship Between the Immune System and Other Body Systems in Forming the Three Lines of Defense : How does the adaptive immune system respond to pathogens?

Specifically targets and remembers pathogens using antigens

Identify the Relationship Between the Immune System and Other Body Systems in Forming the Three Lines of Defense : What do helper T cells do when presented with an antigen?

Activate cytotoxic T cells and B cells

Identify the Relationship Between the Immune System and Other Body Systems in Forming the Three Lines of Defense : Which of the following is the correct order of steps in the adaptive immune response?

Antigen presentation → Helper T cell activation → B and cytotoxic T cell activation

Identify Passive and Active Immunity : Which of the following describes passive immunity?

Antibodies are introduced from an external source

Identify Passive and Active Immunity: Which is an example of passive immunity?

Receiving antivenom after a snake bite

Identify Passive and Active Immunity: What is the main purpose of active immunity through vaccination?

Stimulate the body to produce memory cells and antibodies

Identify Allergies and Autoimmune Disorders: What occurs in the immune system when an allergen is encountered?

The body overproduces antibodies and histamines are released, causing symptoms like sneezing

Identify Allergies and Autoimmune Disorders: What is an example of an autoimmune disease?

Rheumatoid arthritis

Identify Allergies and Autoimmune Disorders: What causes the symptoms of an allergic reaction?

Histamine release from mast cells

BONUS QUESTIONS ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Which of the following statements is true?

The endocrine system secretes chemical messengers from ductless glands

BONUS QUESTIONS ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: The hormones called insulin and glucagon __?__

Have opposite effects on blood glucose levels but work together towards maintenance of a homeostatic level of glucose in the blood

BONUS QUESTIONS ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Which of the following is true about the following hormones?

If insulin, a nonsteriod hormone that attaches to the surface of cells, loses the ability to cause cellular glucose uptake, diabetes results

BONUS QUESTIONS ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Negative feedback is __?__

Involved in the inhibitory action of thyroid hormone on thyroid stimulating hormone and thyroid releasing hormone

BONUS QUESTIONS ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Which of the following pairs correctly matches a gland and a hormone it secretes?

Anterior pituitary / thyroid stimulating hormone

BONUS QUESTION IMMUNE SYSTEM: Passive immunity is defined as which of the following?

The temporary immunity gained by a body that has acquired antibodies from an outside source

BONUS QUESTION IMMUNE SYSTEM: The collective swelling, pain, heat and redness resulting from an innate immune system response is called which of the following?

Inflammation

BONUS QUESTION IMMUNE SYSTEM: A person reacts to a bee sting with a life threatening allergic response that affects the respiratory system. This response is in part due to the production of antibodies. Which of the following is responsible for this allergic reaction?

Adaptive (active) immunity

BONUS QUESTION IMMUNE SYSTEM: An immune systems rejection of organs from an organ donor are caused by which of the following?

Immune systems recognition of foreign antigens

BONUS QUESTION IMMUNE SYSTEM: Which of the following secretes interleukins and triggers the action of other cells?

Helper T cells