histo mod 9 (respi) part 2

pulmonary circulation

bronchial circulation

Blood circulation in the lungs includes both the ______, carrying O2-depleted blood for gas exchange, and _____, carrying O2-rich blood.

lymphatic vessel

The ______ originate in the connective tissue of bronchioles. They follow the bronchioles, bronchi, and pulmonary vessels and all drain into lymph nodes in the region of the hilum.

parasympathetic and sympathetic autonomic fibers

Both _____ and ____ innervate the lungs and control reflexes regulating smooth muscle contractions which determine the diameters of the airways. General visceral afferent fibers, carrying poorly localized pain sensations, are also present.

pleura

serous membrane that covers the lung's outer surface and the internal wall of the thoracic cavity

visceral

parietal pleura

types of pleura

visceral pleura

The membrane attached to lung tissue

parietal pleura

the membrane lining the thoracic walls

pleural cavity

entirely lined with the mesothelial cells producing serous fluid, which acts as a lubricant, facilitating the smooth sliding of one surface over the other during respiratory movements

inhalation

exhalation

respiratory movements

inhalation

contraction of the external intercostal muscles elevates the ribs

• contraction of the diaphragm lowers the bottom of the thoracic cavity (increase in diameter results to pulmonary expansion)

• bronchi and bronchioles increase in diameter and length

• The respiratory portion enlarges as a result of expansion of the alveolar ducts, individual alveoli enlarge only slightly

• The elastic fibers of the pulmonary parenchyma are stretched by this expansion.

contraction

intercostal muscles

___ of the external ____ elevates the ribs

contraction

diaphragm

____ of the ____ lowers the bottom of the thoracic cavity (increase in diameter results to pulmonary expansion)

pulmonary parenchyma

The elastic fibers of the _____ are stretched by this expansion.

exhalation

the lungs retract passively because of muscle relaxation and the elastic fibers' return to the unstretched condition

emphysema

pneumonia

pneumothorax

pleural effusion

lung cancer

diseases of the lungs

emphysema

a chronic lung disease most commonly caused by cigarette smoking, involves dilation and permanent enlargement of the bronchioles leading to pulmonary acini.

pneumonia

infection in the respiratory regions of the lung produces the local inflammatory condition

pneumothorax

is a partially or completely collapsed lung caused by air trapped in the pleural cavity, typically resulting from blunt or penetrating trauma to the chest and producing shortness of breath and hypoxia

pleural effusion

or fluid buildup in the pleural cavity produces shortness of breath and can be one result of inflamed pleura.

squamous cell carcinoma

adenocarcinoma

small cell carcinoma

Three common types of lung cancer

squamous cell carcinoma

, which is closely correlated with a history of smoking, arises most often from epithelial cells of segmental bronchi.

adenocarcinoma

the most common lung cancer in nonsmokers, usually arises from epithelial cells more peripherally, in bronchioles and alveoli.

small cell carcinoma

a less common but highly malignant form of lung cancer, develops after neoplastic transformation of small granule Kulchitsky cells in bronchial respiratory epithelium.