Biodiversity and Life II - Textbook Notes

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22 Terms

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Carbohydrates

Type of molecule that can be small and singular or much larger, existing in forms such as sugars and complex starches.

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Monosaccharide

Monomer of carbohydrates, a single unit of sugar (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose).

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Polysaccharide

Macromolecule consisting of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides bonded together.

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Disaccharide

Two bonded monosaccharides formed through dehydration synthesis.

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Glycogen

Polysaccharide that stores glucose and can be easily broken down for energy.

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Cellulose

Polysaccharide that makes up the cell walls of plant cells, formed through chains of glucose.

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Chitin

Polysaccharide involved in the structure of exoskeletons in insects and crustaceans.

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Hydrophobic

Water-fearing; describes molecules that do not mix with water.

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Triglyceride

Lipid composed of one glycerol and three fatty acid molecules; synonymous with fat.

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Unsaturated fatty acid

Fatty acid with one or more double bonds between carbons, resulting in fewer hydrogens.

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Saturated fatty acid

Fatty acid with no double bonds, containing the maximum number of hydrogens.

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Trans fat

Type of fat associated with health risks, formed by partial hydrogenation of unsaturated fat.

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Adipose cell

Type of cell that stores fat, contributing to long-term energy storage in animals.

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Dehydration synthesis

Process by which two molecules bond together, resulting in the loss of water.

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Hydrolysis

Chemical process that breaks down compounds by the addition of water.

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Pentoses

Five-carbon sugars; a subtype of monosaccharides.

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Hexoses

Six-carbon sugars; a subtype of monosaccharides.

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FDA

Food and Drug Administration; responsible for protecting public health by regulating food safety.

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Prospective study

Research method that follows participants over time to observe outcomes.

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Retrospective study

Research method that looks back at participants' past behaviors to assess outcomes.

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Nurses’ Health Study

Major prospective study that revealed dangers of trans fats, conducted on 120,000 female nurses.

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