Animal nutrition study guide

feed stuffs

For farm animals

Food stuffs

for domesticated animals

naturals feeds is

corn, soybeans, potatoes

natural processed is

soybean meal,wheat germ, alfalfa leaf

synthetic feed

a pure nutrient

vitamin A

Retinal nutrients

Retinol

is easier to absorb than high concentrated regional acid

Ration

amount of feed consumed by an animal in a 24 hour period

Dietary fibers include

Fruits and nuts

sacrocse turns into

sucrose

Enzymes

Biocataylist secreated by living cells which activate chemical reactions ( ex: letting a cookie dissipate in your mouth.

1490 B.C

Leviticus 11:3 ‘‘You may eat any animal that has a split hoof completely divided and that chews cud ‘‘

400 B.C hippocrates -

Father of medicine ‘‘ children produce more heat and need more food than adults ‘person who are naturally very fat are apt to die earlier than those who are slender’

1747

Lind demonstrated that the juice of citrus fruits was a cure for scurvy (orange)

1780 Antoine Lavoisier

Father of nutrition; established chemical basis of nutrition, and that reneger )heat) was derived from oxidation. of food

1822 Bonnsuingalt

advocated the use of iodine to prevent goiter after the observation that he mad while traveling in South America

1840 Charles j choissate

a diet of wheat and water must be supplemented with calcium for the bones of a growing pigeon to develop

1860 henneberg and stohman

Working at the weende experiment station in Germany developed and proximate analysis. It was developed to evaluate feedstuffs for nonruimnant domestic livestock. Divided feedstuffs into 6 components; water, extract,crude fiber, ash, protein, and NFE

1880 rubber (germany)

engaged in ee=nergy metabloism. Hr showed that carbohydrates and fat were interchangeable in metabolism on the basis of energy equivalents

tappeiner

established that it was not gastrointestinal enzymes that were breaking down fiber by the ruminant but suggested that microflora was the digestive agent

Eijkman

demonstrated a relationship between rice rice polishings and Beri beri in (polyneuritis) in hens

1911

a single grain experiment was conducted by Babcock, hart, Humphrey, steenboks nand McCollum. Five month heifers had a better chance living when put on 1 rations of corn, 2 oats, 3 what or 4 picture, while wheat groups died at birth or soon after bc of vitamin deficiency

1922

role of vitamin d in rickets made confinement rearing of poultry possible

1933

vitamin A and carotene identified

1939

Vitamin b synthesized, vitamin e identified; riboflavin and niacin marketed commercially

1946

folic acid was discovered

1948

vitamin B 12 was isolated in pure form (animal protein factor)

1954

Growth simulation from hormones. Burroughs demonstrated the value of diethylstilbestrol for improving weight in cattle and sheep at Iowa

Prehension

Gathering of feed towards mouth

mastication

act of chewing

deglutition

act of swallowing

regurgitation/remastication

Act of vomitting

eructation

passing gas from the mouth

flatulation

act of passing gas from anus

Acid detergent fiber (ADF)

A chemical analysis that determines that amount of residue remaining after boiling a feed sample in an acid detergent solution

Cellulose

A fibrous carbohydrate that Is the chief part of plant cell walls

crude fiber (CF)

chemical analysis that involves the extraction of a grounded feed sample with diethyl ether followed by sequential boiling in dilute acid and dilute basic. CF is calculated as the difference in weight of the sample before and after burning

Crude protein

Estimate of the total protein content of feed determined by analyzing the nitrogen content of the feed and multiplying the result by 6.25

dry matter

Feed residue left after all moisture has been removed by drying ( 100%) dry matter.

dry matter basis

uSED TO COMPARE NUTRIENT COMPOSISTION OR ANIMAL INTAKE OF FEEDS IN A STANDARDIZED FASHION BY ELIMINATING DIFFERENC EIN MOISTURE CONTENT

essential fatty acid

acid that cannot be synthesized by an animal from other sources

hemicellulose

A polysaccharide found in plant cell walls that is moree complex in structure than sugars but less complex then cellulose

National research council (NRC)

A scientific body in the us that has regularly published nutrient requirements based on the latest available research

Neutral detergent fiber (NDF)

the insoluble fraction containing all plant cell wall components left after boiling feed in a neutral detergent solution.

blood

takes up 5-10%body weight, the greater the adipose tissue the lower the %blood for body

muscle

Skeletal muscle 50% of the body and is itself 75% water and protein makes 75-80% of dry matter of muscle, the remainder of body is mineral matter.

Function of Gi tract

Digestive tract is a tube within a tube , epithelium is continuous

Protection

Protects from microbial infection

Transport

Ingested food through itself

solubilize

Nutrient is finely disbursed ( mechanical chewing )

function of GI tract

absorb nutrients

Functionn of GI tract

Excrete nutrients

lysosomes

is in the mouth which produces lysozyme which kills bad bacteria

two types on digestions

hydrolytic and fermentative

Hydrolytic

Enzymes of animal origin

Fermentative

Enzymes of microbial origin

Simple stomach (mono gastric)

pigs, cats,dogs,chicken ,human,

handout (monogastrics) fermintors

Horse,rabbit,rodents

Ruminants (poly gastric)

cattle, goats, sheep,deer,buffalo

esophagus

Connects the move to do stomach

Pig mono gastric Gi Tracts

1 house - 4 regions

pig- Esophageal region (ER Top part)

No glands, it is the extension of esophageal lining consisting of stratified squamous epithelium

pig- Cardiac Gland region ( CR second on right side)

Contains mucous secreting gland, no acid, or gastric enzymes are secreted here

pig - Fundic Gland Region ( left side 3rd)

Cotains proper gastric glands that include chief cells that produce pepsinogen the opposite of pepsin, includes parietal cells that produce HCI of gastric juice, includes mucous neck cells that produce mucous

pig -pyloric Gland Region ( bottom side 4th)

parietal cells are lacking (not producing HCI). secretion contains mostly mucous and small amount of proteolytic enzymes

pig- liver contains

The duodenum, jujenum, illeum

pig-duodenum is in the

pancreas

pig-gall bladder produces

bile

pig- Bile turns into

Emulsification

pig- pancreas has 2 functions

Endoctrine and exocrine

pig -Endocrine secrets

langhen, insulin, glycgogen

pig- exocrine

enzyme secretion and acinar

pig - cecum

enlarged in pigs - fermentation vat

pig- Large intestine

villi are absent and mucous like material is serrated.

Chicken order

Beak, esophagus, crop, prevtriculous, gizzard (tru mouth), small intestine, duodenum,jejunum,illum,large intestine,anus

chicken - Crop

For holding, moistening, and macerating food prior to passage into the proventriculous.

proventriculous - chicken

True stomach glandular. music and gastric juices contacting pepsin and HCI

gizzard- chicken

Muscular portion of stomach and secrets no digestive enzymes, organ of mechanical digestion. Breaks down grit

small intestine -chicken

Duodenum, jejunem,illeum

ceca- chicken

emptied and filled once daily

large intestine

getting ready for waste, little or no digestion happens in the large intestine

nature of secretions

lubricant, ptyalin (amylase) buffering acids

Quantities of saliva recreated

cow - 50-100liters/day, Horse 40-50 liters/day, Man-1.5liters/day,chicken 7.25ml/day