understanding the self exams

is the complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, law, art, moral, custom, and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.

culture

According to ______ (1871), “culture is the complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, law, art, moral, custom, and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”

Edward Tylor

explains an individual’s social development, using biological, environmental, and ecological lenses.

Bioecological Systems of Development

who made Bioecological Systems of Development

Urie Bronfenbrenner

This theory explains the bidirectional influence of individual systems to each other and posits five specific systems that shape an individual’s sense of self.

Bioecological Systems of Development

This system refers to the institutions and social groups that the individual has direct contact and interaction with, including families, peers, schools, religious institutions, and the immediate community.

microsystem

This system refers to the interconnections among aspects of the microsystems affecting the individual.

mesosystem

This system refers to the social setting that an individual has no direct interaction with but nevertheless affects his or her development.

exosystem

This system encompasses the larger cultural context in which the individual resides in.

macrosystem

This system focuses on patterns of environmental events, including sociohistorical events from a specific to a general context.

chronosystem

5 specific systems

• microsystem

• mesosystem

• exosystem

• macrosystem

• chronosystem

focuses on one’s individual attributes and personal distinctiveness.

individualism

they proposed the Individualism-Collectivism model

Hazel Rose Markus
Shinobu Kitayama

these people are observed to be competitive and self-reliant.

individualistic

values relationships and harmony

collectivist

they prioritize interests to maintain healthy relationships. They are likely to be adaptive to other people, and cooperative in group tasks.

collectivist

the founder of psychoanalysis, believed that basic biological instincts combine with societal factors shape personality

sigmund freud

posited that the mind consists of three parts that must interact properly for a person to function well in society.

sigmund freud

is responsible for the satisfaction of physical desires.

id

represents a human being’s most primitive desires, and a person ruled only by this would do everything strictly for his or her own pleasure, breaking societal norms in the process and risking punishment.

id

encourages conformity to societal norms and values.

superego

confined within a too-rigid system of rules, which would inhibit his or her ability to live normally.

superego

part of the mind that resolves the conflicts between the id and the superego.

ego

balances the desires of the id and superego, but when it fails, a person may have difficulty making decisions, which can lead to behavioral problems.

ego

freud three part mind

• id

• superego

• ego

He posited that the self is divided into two parts

George Herbert Mead

is known as the unsocialized self

I

is known as the “socialized” self

me

According to Mead, the ____ is who an individual really is.

I

is manifested when one acts naturally for his or her own motivations and not because of others.

I

is the awareness of how others expect one to behave. This is also known as the social self.

me

believed that we form our self images through interaction with other people.

Charles Horton Cooley

is someone whose opinions matter to us and who is in a position to influence our thinking, especially about ourselves.

significant other

can be anyone, such as a parent, sibling, spouse, or best friend.

significant other

refers to a self image that is based on how we think others see us.

looking glass self

In psychology, it is any person who has great importance to an individual's life or well-being.

significant other

In sociology, it describes any person or persons with a strong influence on an individual's self-concept.

significant other

is defined as the websites and applications that make it easier to create and share information, ideas, and interests.

social media

allows people to create other forms of self-expression via virtual communities and networks.

social media

has features that allow people to communicate to specific groups sharing common interests (through chat, video call, or posting of status and photos) and become members of virtual communities be it locally or globally.

social media

With this, people are less likely to display their real “selves” to others, especially to strangers.

online disembodiment

These are the characters and roles an individual creates as a member of a particular social group.

role identities

is defined as the identity a person claims in cyberspace

digital identity

allows a person to be part of a virtual community that goes beyond physical and geographical boundaries.

digital identity

with this one is able to leave online footprints in cyberspace.

digital identity

According to _______, people can redefine themselves on the internet. Assumptions made on the virtual world are different from those of real life.

Turkle (1995)

When people adopt fake identities, they are likely to engage in behaviors that they would not do in real life interactions

Online Disinhibition

occurs when people tend to self-disclose more on the internet than they would in real life or go out of their way to help someone or show kindness.

benign disinhibition

when they use rude language, bully or threaten others on online platforms, and go to websites with contents of violence, crime, and pornography

toxic disinhibition

People engage in online disinhibition due to a number of factors. These include:

• the advantage of anonymity

• virtual invisibility

• asynchronous communication

• personal introjection

stated that “we regard our possessions as parts of our selves. • We are what we have and what we possess.”

Belk (1988)

wrote in his book, The Principles of Psychology that understanding the self can be examined through its different components

william james

The constituents of self are composed of:

• material self

• social self

• spiritual self

• pure ego

according to James it is primarily about our bodies, clothes, immediate family, and home.

material self

The innermost part of our material self is our _____

body

Material Self Investment Diagram

1. body

2. clothes

3. immediate family

4. home

are those important for survival. Food, clothing, and shelter.

needs

are synonymous with luxuries. People buy them for reasons that do not warrant necessity.

wants

is concerned with how things serve a practical purpose

utility

is concerned with the meaning assigned to the object.

significance

is endlessly perceiving, processing, planning, organizing, and remembering—it is always active.

brain

is thinking — it is the mental process of gaining understanding and knowledge

cognition

includes all of the conscious and unconscious processes involved in thinking, perceiving, and reasoning.

cognition

is a crucial part of an individual’s development process which influences behavior, just as how behavior also impacts it, assuming a bi-directional connection.

cognition

is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think.

cognitive psychology

is the ability to take in information, store it, and recall it at a later time.

memory

In psychology, memory is broken into three stages

• encoding

• storage

• retrieval

is the term given to the structures and processes involved in the storage and subsequent retrieval of information.

memory

the process of receiving, processing, and combining information.

encoding

allows information from the outside world to reach our senses in the forms of chemical and physical stimuli.

encoding

three main ways in which information can be encoded;

• visual (picture)

• acoustic (sound)

• semantic (meaning)

the creation of a permanent record of the encoded information.

storage

is the second memory stage or process in which we maintain information over periods of time.

storage

the calling back of stored information in response to some cue for use in a process or activity.

retrieval

allows individuals to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimulus has ceased

sensory memory

“the auditory sensory store”

echoic memory

“the tactile sensory store”

haptic memory

Two other types of sensory memory have been extensively studied:

• echoic memory

• haptic memory

is not involved in higher cognitive functions like short- and long term memory; it is not consciously controlled.

sensory memory

its role is to provide a detailed representation of our entire sensory experience

sensory memory

is also known as working memory. It holds only a few items (research shows a range of 7 +/- 2 items) and only lasts for about 20 seconds.

short term memory

are all the memories we hold for periods of time longer than a few seconds; encompasses everything from what we learned in first grade to our old addresses to what we wore to school yesterday.

long term memory

requires conscious recall; it consists of information that is consciously stored or retrieved.

explicit/declarative memory

facts taken out of context

semantic memory

personal experiences, such as “When I was in Paris, I saw the Mona Lisa”

episodic memory

These memories are not based on consciously storing and retrieving information, but on implicit learning

implicit/procedural memory

is one of the most talked about subjects in psychology, but no standard definition exists.

intelligence

current definitions tend to suggest that intelligence is the ability to:

• learn from experience

• recognize problems

• solve problems

described the concept of general intelligence, or the "g factor."

Charles Spearman

He concluded that intelligence is a general cognitive ability that researchers can measure and express numerically.

Charles Spearman

focused on seven primary mental abilities rather than a single, general ability.

Louis L. Thurstone

The ability to memorize and recall

Associative memory

The ability to solve mathematical problems

Numerical ability

The ability to see differences and similarities among objects

Perceptual speed

The ability to find rules

Reasoning

The ability to visualize relationships

Spatial visualization

The ability to define and understand words

Verbal comprehension

The ability to produce words rapidly

Word fluency

He proposed that traditional IQ testing does not fully and accurately depict a person's abilities.

Howard Gardner

He proposed eight different intelligences based on skills and abilities that are valued in various cultures

Howard Gardner