Endocrine Glands and Selected Hormones

Chapter 4

Anterior Pituitary

Growth hormone(s)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Beta endorphin

Thyroid stimulation hormone

Follicle stimulating hormone

Luteinizing hormone

Prolactin

Posterior pituitary

Antidiuretic hormone

Oxytocin

Thyroid gland

Thyroxine

Calcitonin

Parathyroid hormone

Parathyroid hormone

Pancreas

Insulin

Glucagon

Adrenal cortex

Glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone, and so on)

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone, and so on)

Liver

Insulin-like growth factors

Adrenal Medulla

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

Proenkephalin fragments (e.g. peptide f)

Overies

Estradiol

Progesterone

Testes

Testosterone

Heart (atrium)

Atrial peptide

Kidney

Renin

Growth hormone(s)

Stimulates insulin like growth factor 1 secretion from the liver, protein synthesis, growth, and metabolism; other aggregates of growth hormone also have biological function and make up the more complex super family of GH.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Stimulates glucocorticoid secretion from the adrenal cortex

Beta endorphin

Stimulates analgesia

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Stimulates thyroid hormone secretion from the thyroid gland

Follicle stimulation hormone

Stimulates growth of follicles in ovaries and seminiferous tubules in testes; stimulates ovum and sperm production

Luteinizing hormone

Stimulates ovulation as well as secretion of sex hormones in the gonads (ovaries and testes)

Prolactin

Stimulates milk production in mammary glands; maintains corpora lutea and secretion of progesterone

Antidiuretic hormone

Increases contraction of smooth muscle and reabsorption of water in the kidneys

Oxytocin

Stimulates uterine contractions and release of milk by mammary glands

Thyroxine

Stimulates oxidative metabolism in mitochondria and cell growth

Calcitonin

Reduces calcium phosphate level in blood

Parathyroid hormone

Increases blood calcium; decreases blood phosphate; stimulates bone formation

Insulin

Reduces blood glucose concentrations via promotion of glucose uptake by cells; promotes glycogen storage; suppresses fat oxidation and gluconeogenesis; is involved in protein synthesis

Glucagon

Increases blood glucose

Glucocorticoids

Catabolic and anti-anabolic: promote protein breakdown and inhibit amino acid incorporation into protein; conserve blood glucose concentrations via stimulation of conversion of proteins into carbohydrates (gluconeogenesis); suppresses immune cell function; promote fat oxidation