Intro to Microbiology Test 1 (Chapter 1) Review 2020 -UNG Gainesville

What is a Microbe?

A living organism that requires a microscope to be seen.

General Description of a Microbe?

1.) Most microbes are unicellular, but some are multicellular.

2.) Microbes range in size from 0.2 micrometers (mm) to just a few millimeters (mm).

3.) Each microbe contains in its genome the capacity to reproduce its own kind.

List examples of Microbes.

1.) Prokaryotic Cells (Cells Lacking a Nucleus) : Bacteria and Archaea

2.) Eukaryotic Cells (Cells with a nucleus): Algae, Fungi, protists

3.) Viruses and Prions (Acellular Entities)

What are the 3 domains proposed to have evolved from a common ancestral cell?

1.) Bacteria

2.) Archaea

3.) Eukaryotes

What are some problems with the definition for Microbe?

1.) Not all singled cell organisms require a microscope to be seen.

2.) Some microbes (such as viruses) are not defined to have life.

Name some positive and negative impacts that Microbes have had on human history.

Positive Impacts:

- Fermentation of Sugars to Alcohols; creating antiseptics.

- Nitrogen, oxygen, and inorganic chemical cycles which regulate the atmosphere.

- Waste Degradation

Negative Impacts:

- Pathogens which have caused death or illness pandemically; Such as the Bubonic Plague.

- Environmental Destruction; such as blight to crops.

What Contributions did Florence Nightingale have on Microbiology?

(Nightingale was a nurse and statistician.)

1855 - Revealed that Sanitation shows statistical correlation with mortality (Crimean War).

- Founder of Professional Nursing.

- Founder of Medical Statistics

- Founder of the "Polar Area Chart"

What Contributions did Robert Hooke have on Microbiology?

1665- The first microscopist to publish a systematic study of the world

as seen under a microscope; In drawings known as Micrographia.

- Built the 1st Compound Microscope.

- Was the First to name the unit "cells" because the shape of the hollow cell walls reminded him of the cells that monks lived in (when in a monastery).

What Contributions did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek have on Microbiology?

1676 - The First to observe single - celled microbes.

What Contributions did Louis Pasteur have on Microbiology?

1857 - Discovered Microbial Fermentation produces lactic acid or alcohol.

1864 - Discovered Microbes fail to appear spontaneously even in the presence of oxygen.

1881 - Discovered First Artificial Vaccine is developed (against anthrax)

What Contributions did John Tyndall have on Microbiology?

1881 - Discovered Bacterial Spores survive boiling but are killed by cyclic boiling and cooling.

Describe the similarities and differences of Spallanzani's, Pasteur's, and Tyndalls experiments that tested spontaneous generation.

(I Don't Know)

What Consists of a pure culture?

1.) A culture grown from a single isolated species of a microorganism.

2.) Distinctive colonies must form.

Explain Koch's 4 postulates.

1.) The Microbe is found in all cases of the diseases but is absent from healthy individuals.

2.) The Microbe is isolated from the diseased host and grown in a pure culture.

3.) When the microbe is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host (or animal model), the host shows the same disease.

4.) The same strain of microbe is obtained from the newly diseased host. When cultured, the strain shows the same characteristics as before.

Assess some of the practical obstacles in applying Koch's postulates.

1.) Not all individuals infected with a microbial pathogen will show symptoms immediately.

2.) Ensuring that an individual is susceptible to the pathogen. (Such as chimpanzees are not susceptible to HIV)

3.) Isolation ability and pure culture growth may not occur in all cases of microbes.

Recall the contributions of various individuals to the discovery and implementation of vaccination.

1717 - Smallpox is prevented by inoculation of pox material, this was a rudimentary form of immunization. = Lady Mary Montagu (And a Turkish Woman)

1798 - Cowpox Vaccination prevents smallpox =

Compare the roles of immunization, antiseptics, and antibiotics in human disease treatment and prevention.

Explain how viruses were discovered.

List Winogradsky's contributions to microbial culture technique.

Define what distinguishes lithotrophs from other organisms.

Explain the role of microbes in geochemical cycling, especially that of nitrogen.

Compare the roles of animal endosymbionts and plant endosymbionts.

Define microbiome.

Microbiome are bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protozoa that live in a symbiotic relationship with the host

Explain why microbes can be challenging to classify taxonomically.

Outline how microbial classification has changed over time.

Appraise endosymbiosis as an explanation for mitochondria and chloroplasts.

State the importance of DNA sequencing in classification.

Compare and contrast archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes.

Recall the roles of the electron microscope in advancing our knowledge of cell structure and function.

Explain how studies of microbes fostered our knowledge of DNA function and enhanced DNA technology.

State some uses of microbes in medicine and industry.

Recall the role of the ultracentrifuge in advancing our knowledge of cell structure and function.

What is the Germ Theory of Disease?

Many diseases are caused by microbes.

Define The Chain of Infection.

The Serial passage of a pathogenic organism from an infected individual to an uninfected individual, thus transmitting the disease.