NUMBERS

10 minutes

What is the duration of hemostasis, a phase that some authors consider part of inflammation, but Dr. Kho emphasizes as separate?

1-9 minutes

What is the normal range for bleeding time, a test formerly used to measure platelet plug formation but not commonly used nowadays?

25-35 seconds

What is the normal duration for the Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) test, which assesses the intrinsic coagulation pathway?

11-13 seconds

What is the normal duration for the Prothrombin Time (PT) test, which assesses the extrinsic coagulation pathway?

20 seconds

What is the normal duration for the Thrombin Clot Time (TCT/TT) test, which assesses the common coagulation pathway?

10 minutes

For a patient with a traumatic wound and oozing bleeding, what is the recommended duration to apply direct pressure with a gauze without peeking?

2-3 minutes

In some cases, bleeding may stop spontaneously after what duration, though direct pressure should still be maintained to prevent wasting time?

120/80

What was the initial blood pressure reading of a trauma patient upon ER arrival that was considered normal, but required correlation with heart rate for a true assessment of stability?

140 bpm

What was the high heart rate of a trauma patient that, despite a normal BP of 120/80, indicated instability and compensation for blood loss?

100 bpm

What is considered the upper limit for a normal heart rate?

24 to 48 hours

What is the peak time after wound healing for neutrophils to appear, acting as "garbage collectors" for debris and injured extracellular matrix?

90%

What percentage of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is made up of collagen, a protein vital to wound healing?

48 hours

Within what time frame do surgical incisions typically re-epithelialize or become water-sealed, allowing normal adult patients to take a bath?

5 to 7 days

What is the recommended waiting period for wounds to become water-sealed for patients who are elderly, obese, diabetic, immunocompromised, or undergoing chemotherapy?

9:1

What is the normal ratio of Type I collagen to Type III collagen as collagen fibrils reorganize and mature in the wound?

4

What number is used as a multiplier for the X-axis measurement to get the Y-axis measurement for beginner surgeons excising a lesion in an elliptical fashion?

1 cm

For a beginner surgeon, a lesion of what size is expected to result in a 4 cm scar when excised in an elliptical fashion?

3.5 cm

What is the average scar length for a 1 cm lesion when excised by a beginner surgeon?

3 cm

What is the expected scar length for a 1 cm lesion when excised by a more experienced surgeon?

6 weeks

What is a good compromise for the time patients, especially daily wage workers, need to return to work as soon as possible after surgery, historically allowing for activities like sit-ups and crunches?

6-12 months

What is the typical duration for scar remodeling to occur, resulting in a mature, avascular, and acellular scar?

1.5 - 2 years

According to some books, what is the maximum duration that scar remodeling can continue?

30 to 50

What is the recommended minimum SPF range for sunscreen, updated from 30 to 50 due to the thinning of the ozone layer?

100

What SPF value for sunscreen does not double protection compared to SPF 50, but rather doubles the cost?

97%

What is the protection value offered by SPF 30 sunscreen?

98%

What is the protection value offered by SPF 50 sunscreen?

99%

What is the protection value offered by SPF 100 sunscreen?

1-1.5 years

For regular scars, what is the waiting period recommended for patients to observe improvement with sunscreen and moisturizer before considering further interventions?

4 weeks

According to Sabiston, after what period of treatment is an acute wound considered chronic if healing is not achieved?

3 months

According to Schwartz, after what duration are the majority of wounds considered chronic?

3 to 5 days

For tertiary intention or delayed primary closure, what is the recommended waiting period after cleaning a wound suspected of contamination, before closing it?

10 bacterial cells

Roughly, how many bacterial cells are present for every human cell, covering every surface of the body?

50 °C for 30 minutes

What specific temperature and duration can Staphylococcus aureus withstand, demonstrating its resilience in culture?

10%

What concentration of Sodium Chloride can Staphylococcus aureus withstand, a factor in its culture and survival?

70 °C

What temperature is needed to kill Staphylococcus aureus?

10-20 minutes

After what duration may coagulation appear in a positive coagulase test for aged microorganisms in serum, indicating S. aureus presence?

11

What is the number of identified capsule serotypes for Staphylococcus aureus?

Type 5 & 8

What two S. aureus capsule serotypes are primarily responsible for infection?

20%

What percentage of S. aureus strains, including MRSA, have Panton Valentine Leukocidin (PVL)?

20%

What percentage of S. aureus strains, including MRSA, produce Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1 (TSST1)?

30 minutes

What is the typical incubation period for symptoms like violent nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea after ingesting Staphylococcus contaminated food?

12-24 hours

What is the typical duration of Staphylococcus food poisoning symptoms, often self-contained due to immune system response?

30-70%

What is the high mortality rate range for Toxic Shock Syndrome?

1-5%

What is the low mortality rate for Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSS) in infants, a condition requiring differentiation from drug allergies?

20%

What percentage of T-cells are stimulated in an exaggerated inflammatory response caused by a superantigenic exfoliative toxin?

1-2 mm

What is the size of discoid colonies formed by Streptococcus species?

90

How many serological types of capsular polysaccharides does Streptococcus pneumoniae have?

13

How many serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharides are typically included in one vaccine?

24 hours

What is the incubation period for observing synergistic hemolysis in the CAMP Factor Production Test, indicating the presence of Streptococcus?

20

What is the approximate number of enzymes and toxins produced by Streptococcus species, although only a few are commonly discussed?

1-4 weeks

What is the typical time frame after an acute streptococcal infection for post-streptococcal disease symptoms, such as rheumatic fever or acute glomerulonephritis, to appear?

3 weeks

How long does it take for active immunization (e.g., tetanus toxoid) to reach adequate antibody levels for protection?

~3 weeks

What is the approximate duration of instant but temporary protection provided by tetanus immunoglobulin (passive immunity)?

≥10 years ago

For clean and minor wounds, what is the time period since the last tetanus vaccine dose after which another tetanus vaccine is recommended?

≥5 years ago

For all other wounds, what is the time period since the last tetanus vaccine dose after which another tetanus vaccine is recommended?

5-0, 6-0

What are examples of smaller suture sizes used for the face for cosmetic reasons, due to its thin skin?

3-0, 2-0, 1-0

What are examples of bigger suture sizes used for the abdomen, chosen for strength due to higher tension?

4-5 days

What is the recommended suture removal time for facial wounds, due to faster healing?

7-10 days

What is the recommended suture removal time for wounds on the trunk and other skin areas?

2 weeks

What is the maximum recommended suture removal time for wounds on extremities and joints, due to higher movement?

5%

What percentage of wound strength is attributed to the epidermis?

95%

What percentage of wound strength is attributed to the dermis, making it the primary source of wound strength?

20%

What percentage of dermal wound strength is attributed to the papillary dermis?

80%

What percentage of dermal wound strength is attributed to the reticular dermis?

40-50%

What is the expected reduction in wound size after 4 weeks for arterial ulcers, indicating effective management and a healable wound?

20-40%

What is the expected reduction in wound size after 4 weeks for venous ulcers, indicating effective management?

4 hours

How quickly can bacterial biofilms easily reform after debridement, necessitating repeated cleansing and dressing?

90%

According to recent research, what approximate percentage of chronic wounds contain biofilms?

60%

According to James et al. (2008), what percentage of chronic wounds had biofilms?

4 hours

How long does it take for neutrophils and proteases to "wake up" and resume activity if the wound temperature drops below 30 degrees Celsius, hindering wound healing?

30 degrees Celsius

Below what temperature do neutrophils and proteases hibernate, making wound cleansing with cold normal saline counterproductive?

4-15 psi

What is the recommended pressure range for pulsed irrigation to effectively wash away contaminants from a wound?

0.5 psi

What is the approximate pressure of bulb syringes and asepto syringes, making them ineffective for high-pressure wound irrigation?

35 cc syringe with a gauge 19 needle

What specific tools were used in a 1970s study to achieve the recommended 4-15 psi for wound irrigation?

25 cc syringe with gauge 18 needle

What is an alternative tool combination suggested to achieve the recommended 4-15 psi for wound irrigation?

0.5 mm

What size of glass fragments are difficult to view on X-rays, requiring other diagnostic imaging methods if suspected?

50-100 mL/cm

What is the rule of thumb for the minimal volume of Normal Saline Solution (NSS) to apply per centimeter of laceration length for wound cleansing?

3 cm

For a laceration of this length, what minimum volume of NSS (in mL) is recommended for cleansing (assuming 50 mL/cm)?

150 mL

What is the minimum amount of NSS for a 3 cm wound, calculated using the 50 mL/cm rule of thumb?

6 hours

After what time post-injury, or if the patient's occupation involves high contamination risk, is a higher irrigation volume (100 mL/cm) for wound cleansing recommended?

10-12 hours

For non-facial wounds, after what time post-injury is it generally recommended to opt for delayed or tertiary intention wound closure instead of immediate primary closure?

24 hours

For facial wounds, up to what time post-injury is it acceptable to close them due to their high vascularity?

100,000 organisms per gram of tissue

What bacterial count per gram of tissue is considered a critical level, preventing closure of an open wound?

100 organisms per gram of tissue

If a foreign body is present in a wound, the critical bacterial count for closure is lowered to what number, making wound closure still possible?

10 straight minutes

What is the recommended duration to apply direct pressure to control oozing bleeding before giving up or peeking?

2050

By what year is antibiotic resistance projected to become the number one killer, surpassing cancer, stroke, and heart attack?

95%

What percentage of anthrax cases are cutaneous infections, resulting from direct contact of broken skin with spores?

5%

What percentage of anthrax cases are inhalation infections, often associated with bioterrorism and highly virulent?

20%

What percentage of anthrax pathologies lead to death?

3

What is the number of parts in the Bacillus anthracis toxin, consisting of Protective Antigen, Lethal Factor, and Edema Factor?

19

How many known clusters of Clostridium species are there, with new species still being discovered?

100°C

What temperature are Clostridium spores resistant to, highlighting their resilience in food preservation?

100°C for 20 minutes

What heat and duration are required to kill Clostridium botulinum toxins, emphasizing the importance of pasteurization for canned foods?

1 gram

What amount of crystallized Clostridium botulinum toxin, via inhalation, has the potential to kill 1 million people?

3

How many domains does the botulinum toxin have, including those for binding, entry, and light/heavy chains?

1-5 hours

What is the incubation period for the emetic type of Bacillus cereus food poisoning, typically linked to carbohydrate-rich foods like rice?

24 hours

What is the incubation period for the diarrheal type of Bacillus cereus food poisoning, typically linked to protein-rich foods?

7-30 hours

What is the incubation period for Clostridium perfringens food poisoning, which causes intense diarrhea?

16S rRNA gene

What highly conserved nucleotide sequence is used for definitive genomic classification and identification of bacteria?

13

How many known serotypes does Listeria monocytogenes have, based on O somatic and H flagellar antigens?