1.1 Early Civilizations
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Flashcards about Early Civilizations, Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China and other Civilizations in Near East
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What are the four river valley civilizations?
Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China
Where are Tigris and Euphrates rivers located?
Southwest Asia
What are some main developments by Mesopotamia?
Writing (cuneiform)
Organized government
Written law code (Hammurabi’s Code)
Systemized religion (Zoroastrianism)
Astronomy; Astrology
Where are the banks of the Nile River located?
Northeastern Africa
Where are the Mediterranean and Red seas located?
Northeastern Africa
What are some main developments by Egypt?
Complex religion of gods, rituals, and governance (pharaoh)
Writing (hieroglyphics)
Engineering and building (pyramids)
Mathematics
Where are the Indus and Ganges rivers located?
Southern Asia
Where is the Arabian Sea located?
Southern Asia
What are some main developments by India?
Urban culture
Planned cities (i.e., citywide sanitation systems)
Metallurgy (gold, copper, bronze, tin)
Measurement (weight, time, length, mass)
Where is the Yellow River located?
East Asia
What are some main developments by China?
Writing, commerce, government
What does the ancient Near East comprised of?
Tigris and Euphrates Valley
Fertile Crescent
Nile Valley
Who were the creators of the Mesopotamian civilization?
Sumerians
When did the Sumerians first emerge? And when did they end?
3500-3000 B.C
Name one achievement of the Sumerians related to engineering?
Large scale irrigation projects
Name one achievement of the Sumerians related to new knowledge?
Advanced system of mathematics
Name one achievement of the Sumerians related to innovation?
Invention of the wheel
Name one achievement of the Sumerians related to architecture?
Ziggurat
What is a ziggurat?
an ancient Mesopotamia temple that served as center of community life, temple, storehouse and treasury
Which Sumerian established the first empire in 2371 B.C?
Sargon
Who conquered the Sumerians and established a new empire in 2300 BC?
Babylonians
When did the Babylonians first emerge and end?
2300 - 1750 BC
What is one achievement of the Babylonians related to law?
Established the first universal written codification of laws called code of Hammurabi
What is one achievement of the Babylonians related to government?
Centralized government
What is one achievement of the Babylonians related to mathematics?
Advancements in algebra and geometry
Who conquered much of Asia Minor and northern Mesopotamia around 2000 B.C?
Hittites
When did the Hittites first emerge? And when did they end?
2000 - 1200 B.C
What were the Hittites known for? And what was the significance of it?
Invented iron smelting → revolutionized warfare
How did the Assyrians establish their empire?
Military superiority, conquest, and terrorism
When did the Assyrians first emerge? And when did they end?
911 - 550 BC
What were the Assyrians' military achievements?
Established military techniques included siege warfare, intimidation, and the use of iron weapons.
What was a governmental achievement of the Assyrians?
Centralized government
What were some logistical achievements of the Assyrians?
Postal service, extensive library, system of highways
Who established the New Babylonian Empire? Which civilization is he from?
Nebuchadnezzar, a Chaldean
When did the Chaldeans first emerge? And when did they end?
605 - 538 BC
Who did the Chaldeans conquer?
Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine
What were some notable achievements from the Chaldeans?
Developed astrology, astronomy
Advanced government bureaucracy
Architectural achievements such as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
Which civilization a empted to unify the entire Near East under one rule?
Persians
When did the Persians first emerge? And when did they end?
500s BC 331 BC
What was the main religion that Persians practiced?
Zoroastrianism
What is Zoroastrianism?
An ethical religion based on concepts of good and evil
What happened to the Persians around 334- 331 BC?
After failing to conquer the Greeks, they were conquered by Alexander the Great
What were the Phoenicians known for?
The first explorers, traders, and colonizers of the ancient world
When did the Phoenicians first emerge? And when did they end?
1550 - 300 BC
When did Phoenicians reach its peak?
1000 BC
What were some notable contributions of Phoenicians?
Phonics - Invented the first true alphabet
Profits - Dominated Mediterranean commerce
Purple - Exported glass and purple dye
Where did the Lydians occupy?
Asia Minor
When did the Lydian civilization emerge and end?
1180-547 BC
Under whose leadership did the Lydian culture reach its zenith?
King Croesus (Golden King)
Which civilization was responsible for the first coinage of money
Lydians
Which civilization established the first lasting monotheism?
Israelites
Who established the first kingdom in Palestine?
Saul
When was the first kingdom in Palestine established?
1030 - 1010 BC
What happened to the Hebrews after the death of Solomon in 922 BC?
They were divided into 2 kingdoms
What were the names of the two kingdoms that the Hebrews were divided into?
Israel and Judah
What caused the destruction of Israel (722 BC) and Judah (586 BC)?
Disunity and conquest
What were some political contributions of the Ancient Near East?
The first system of independent states
What were some literary contributions of the Ancient Near East?
The first system of writing (cuneiform and hieroglyphics)
What were some architectural contributions of the Ancient Near East?
The first massive architectural achievements (ziggurat and pyramid)
What were some religious contributions of the Ancient Near East?
The first lasting monotheism
What were some scientific contributions of the Ancient Near
The beginning of science, mathematics, and astronomy
How can you describe the urban culture of ancient India?
A culture characterized by well-planned cities and advanced sanitation systems.
What skills were developed and known in ancient India?
Metallurgy (gold, copper, bronze, tin)
What advancements in science were developed in ancient India?
Measurement (weight, time, length, mass)