EMT Chapter 6 - Pathophysiology

__________________ blood has returned to the right side of the heart.

Deoxygenated

A 12-year-old female patient is having an asthma attack after participating in some strenuous activity during recess at school. She's taken several doses of her own bronchodilator with little relief. Your partner immediately administers oxygen. Providing supplemental oxygen will increase the amount of oxygen molecules carried by the __________ in her blood, helping oxygenate critical organs like the brain.

Hemoglobin

A 19-year-old male is reported to have taken too many narcotic pain pills that were prescribed for his recent knee surgery. He is extremely sleepy with very shallow breathing. His color is pale and his SpO2 reading is 84 percent. His body is probably attempting to compensate for his poor level of ventilatory effort by stimulating the respiratory system to increase rate and tidal volume. Normally, respiratory drive is triggered by changing levels of:

Carbon dioxide

A condition that is caused by a decreased number of red blood cells is called:

Anemia

A disruption of the balance between oncotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure is critical to regulating:

Blood pressure and cell hydration

A patient breathing in room air should be receiving _____ percent oxygen.

21

An infection of the brain is called:

encephalitis

Carbon dioxide is transported back to the lungs in two ways: via the red blood cells and:

Plasma

Cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and organs make up:

Systems

Certain blood vessels that contain specialized sensors that detect the level of internal pressure and transmit messages to the nervous system, which then triggers the smooth muscle in the vessel walls to make any needed size adjustments, are called:

stretch receptors

Choose the BEST description of the chest's mechanical functions.

The chest is a closed space with only one opening, the trachea, to inspire air; the diaphragm contracts down and the intercostal muscles expand the ribs, causing a negative pressure that fills the lungs with air.

Daniel is performing landscaping on a summer day when he suddenly becomes dizzy and feels like he might faint. This disruption of fluid balance is called:

Dehydration

How many milliliters of air are moved during a typical breath?

500 ml

If a hole is created in the chest wall, air could escape or be drawn in, or if bleeding develops within the chest, air and blood can accumulate in the pleural space. This would force the lung to:

collapse

In the normal drive to breathe, chemoreceptors are stimulated by:

high carbon dioxide

Injuries to the brain and spinal cord, sepsis, and severe allergic reactions can cause what similar cardiovascular problem?

Loss of tone

Janie is having difficulty breathing. Her current tidal volume is 350 mL, and she is breathing at 28 times per minute. What would be her minute volume?

9800 ml

Name the stroke volume factor that is a function of systemic vascular resistance that requires the heart to exert the pumping force it must overcome.

Afterload

Not all inspired air reaches the alveoli; 150 mL is stopped in the airway leading to the alveoli. This is called:

dead air space

Our blood transports oxygen from the lungs to the cells and returns with what byproduct of metabolism?

Carbon dioxide

Plasma oncotic pressure is created by the movement of which of the following?

Large proteins

Production of energy occurs in what part of the cell?

Mitochondria

Rookie EMT Brenda has just finished her first run and she notices her heart rate is 130 beats per minute. She tells her partner who says that this is just the fight or flight response and it will slow down once she rests. What part of the nervous system will slow Brenda's pulse?

Parasympathetic

Shock occurs as a result of what?

inadequate perfusion

Stroke volume depends on a series of factors: one is the force the myocardial muscle exerts to move the blood. This is known as:

contractility

The basic nutrient of the cell and the building block for energy is:

Glucose

The cellular structure that is responsible for synthesizing proteins is:

Endoplasmic reticulum

The common blood dysfunction that indicates a failure of the body to move oxygen and carbon dioxide is:

Volume

The disruption of lung tissue by mechanical forces or medical problems can upset the exchange of gas across the alveoli, a process called:

diffusion

The human body is made up of _____percent water.

60

The layer of covering that protects the nervous system is called the:

meninges

The major organs of the endocrine system are the:

Kidneys, pancreas, and the brain.

The metabolism that creates large amounts of carbon dioxide and lactic acid but generates little energy is called:

anaerobic

The movement of ions across the cell membrane is needed to accomplish repolarization. What cell structure is used to prepare for depolarization?

Sodium potassium pump

The net result of respiratory challenges is low oxygen, also called _____________ within the body.

Hypoxia

The potential space between the lung and chest wall is called the:

pleural space

The pressure that is created when the heart pushes the blood throughout the circulatory system is called:

hydrostatic pressure

The process by which glucose and other nutrients are converted into energy is called:

Metabolism

The respiratory system moves air in and out; however, to __________ cells, the air that is inhaled must be matched up with the circulatory system.

perfuse

The seat of respiratory control is found in the:

medulla oblongata

The study of how disease affects the functioning of the human body is called:

pathophysiology

The sympathetic nervous response causes which of the following to occur?

Breathe faster and deeper, blood vessels to constrict, heart to beat stronger and faster, skin to sweat, pupils to dilate, and skin to become pale

The weakest part of the cell is the:

membrane

These substances, when dissolved, separate into charged particles.

Electrolytes

This type of metabolism occurs when energy is created with a balance of adequate oxygen and nutrients.

Aerobic

To exhale, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax to contract the chest, which creates a positive pressure. This is what type of process?

Passive

Water that is found in the space between cells and blood vessels is called:

interstitial

What do chemoreceptors found in the body and vascular system measure?

Low oxygen and high carbon dioxide

What is a patent airway?

A term used by EMS practitioners to indicate that the patient has a secured and opened airway necessary for life

What is FiO2 ?

The concentration of oxygen in our inhaled air, which is referred to as the fraction of inspired oxygen

What is the correct order of air flow from the nose to the alveoli in the lungs?

Nose, nasopharynx, pharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli

What is the most common digestive disorder?

vomiting and diarrhea

What is the name for a balance between the circulatory system and ventilation?

V/Q match

What is the name of the "fight or flight" response that stimulates blood vessels to constrict and prepares the body for fighting or running?

Sympathetic

What is the name of the heart dysfunction caused by an electrical source that causes the heart to beat too fast?

Tachycardia

What will stroke volume and minute heart rate determine?

Cardiac output

When a person has an exaggerated response to a body invader, the person is said to have:

hypersensitivity

When carbon dioxide is not exchanged, the net result is high carbon dioxide, a condition called _____________, within the body.

hypercapnia

When the body's water moves from the bloodstream into the interstitial space, it is called:

Edema

Which of the following BEST defines adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

It is the form of energy produced in the mitochondria and is the cell's engine responsible for all cell function

Which of the following describes the path blood takes as it leaves the heart and then returns?

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

Which of the following statements provides reasons for the disruption of respiratory control?

Medical reasons, infections, trauma, toxins, and drugs, along with neurologic disorders, can interrupt this control.

Which system is responsible for the removal of bi-products of metabolism?

Respiratory

Without this element, the cell would dehydrate and die.

Water

You are called to a kindergarten class where a boy has fallen while climbing on playground equipment. The teacher saw him fall and hit his tummy on a step. He is sobbing and holding his abdomen. As you assess him, you find his skin cool and clammy, his pulse is 132, respiratory is 28. Why is the boy acting this way?

He possibly has internal injuries and is in shock.

You are caring for a 25-year-old male patient that has been shot once in the head. The patient is in extremis with a noticeable breathing pattern that alternates between apnea (no breathing) and hyperpnea (fast breathing). Your understanding of pathophysiology leads you to believe the breathing pattern may be due to damage to the section of his brain responsible for respiratory control, also known as the:

Medulla oblongata

You are on the scene at a local park where a 51-year-old male is reported to be confused and having difficulty walking. Your partner notes that the patient is wearing a bracelet indicating he is diabetic. Upon questioning, the patient is able to report that he has not eaten in 8 hours. Your knowledge of pathophysiology suggests that the patient may be suffering from a diabetic emergency. Glucose is a building block for what form of energy in the cell?

ATP

You respond to a patient who is choking. The victim is suffering from the most common of airway obstructions. This would indicate that the problem is in the _______________ airway.

upper

Your patient is a 22-year-old female that accidentally ate some shellfish and is now having a severe reaction. She tells you that the last time she ate shellfish, "they had to put a breathing tube in my throat and I almost died." Her face is starting to swell up and you can hear audible wheezing when she breathes. The chemical that produces edema and narrowing of the airways during hypersensitivity reactions like this is called:

Histamine

Your patient is an 86-year-old male with congestive heart failure. He called for help tonight because he cannot breathe and feels like he is "drowning in his own lungs." The patient has had several heart attacks in the past and he tells you his "heart is shot." The patient's cardiac output is likely diminished because:

All of the above is true.