Studied by 0 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
What happens during fermentation in muscle cells when oxygen is scarce?
Lactate is produced as a byproduct.
What are the two types of fermentation?
Alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.
What is the function of ATP synthase?
It synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) during chemiosmosis.
What is the role of the promoter in gene expression?
It is a DNA sequence that initiates transcription by RNA polymerase.
What is an operon?
A cluster of genes regulated together, common in prokaryotic cells.
What is the role of transcription factors?
They help regulate the transcription of specific genes by binding to nearby DNA.
What does the term 'semi-conservative replication' mean?
Each new DNA molecule consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.
What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?
DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides complementary to the template strand.
What are introns and exons?
Introns are non-coding regions of a gene, while exons are coding regions that are translated into proteins.
What is the final product of gene expression?
A functional protein.
How do cells regulate metabolic pathways?
Through feedback inhibition and allosteric regulation.
What is the significance of the 5' UTR in mRNA?
It plays a role in the regulation of translation and the stability of the mRNA.
Who is Frederick Griffith and what did he discover?
Frederick Griffith discovered the phenomenon of transformation in bacteria through his experiments with Streptococcus pneumoniae, showing that genetic material could be transferred from one bacterium to another.
Who is James Watson and what was his contribution?
James Watson, along with Francis Crick, discovered the double helix structure of DNA, which was pivotal in understanding the molecular basis of heredity.
What did Rosalind Franklin contribute to the understanding of DNA?
Rosalind Franklin's X-ray diffraction images of DNA were critical in revealing the helical structure of DNA, which contributed to the discovery made by Watson and Crick.
What did Gregor Mendel discover?
Gregor Mendel is known as the father of modern genetics for his foundational work on inheritance patterns in pea plants, establishing the principles of segregation and independent assortment.
Who were Meselson and Stahl and what did they demonstrate?
Meselson and Stahl demonstrated that DNA replication is semiconservative, meaning that each new DNA molecule consists of one old strand and one new strand.
What did Chargaff discover about DNA?
Chargaff discovered that in DNA, the amount of adenine equals thymine and the amount of cytosine equals guanine, a principle known as Chargaff's rules.
What was the contribution of Barbara McClintock to genetics?
Barbara McClintock discovered transposable elements, or 'jumping genes,' which can move within and between chromosomes, challenging the notion of fixed genes.
What did Elie Metchnikoff discover?
Elie Metchnikoff is known for his discovery of phagocytosis and the role of white blood cells in the immune response.
Who is Paul Berg and what was his significance?
Paul Berg created the first recombinant DNA molecules, which laid the groundwork for genetic engineering.
What was the discovery made by Sanger and his colleagues?
Frederick Sanger and his colleagues developed methods for sequencing DNA, including the Sanger sequencing technique, which became a fundamental method in molecular biology.
