science

Volcanoes

is a vent or opening in the Earth’s crust. Molten rock (magma), ash, and gases rise from underground. When pressure builds up, it may erupt onto the surface

lava

The released molten rock on the surface

ACTIVE VOLCANO

This type of volcano is always in the state of frequent eruptions and has erupted within the last 10,000 years.

Dormant Volcano

This type of volcano can erupt in the near future but may not have erupted for quite some time. Generally, these volcanoes may be regarded as semi-active volcanoes because they can erupt not as regularly or as frequently as active volcanoes.

EXTINCT VOLCANO

This type of volcano is expected not to erupt again and has not erupted in the past 10,000 years.

Island Arc, Hot spots, Spreading Center, Continental arc

4 ways volcanoes are formed

ISland Arc

Are long chains of active volcanoes with intense seismic activity found along convergent tectonic plate boundaries. most of these originate on oceanic crust and have resulted from the descent of the lithosphere into the mantle along the subduction zone. They are the principal way by which continental growth is achieved

Hot spots

form when a static plume of exceptionally hot magma rises from deep within the Earth's mantle to melt through the moving tectonic plate above it. Unlike most volcanoes, these do not occur at plate boundaries but instead erupt in the middle of tectonic plates.

Spreading Centers

Volcanoes form through decompression melting caused by tectonic plates pulling apart. This process occurs at divergent plate boundaries, where the Earth's crust thins, allowing magma from the mantle to rise and erupt onto the seafloor or land surface.

Continental Arc

form when an oceanic tectonic plate subducts beneath a continental tectonic plate, creating a line of volcanoes on the continental surface.

fault line

refers to a crack in the crust that is created when Earth’s crust shifts. When the sides of a fault move past each other, they generate seismic waves that create earthquakes

Western, Eastern, Central, Marikina valley, Southern Mindanao

5 Philippine faults

Western Philippine Fault

This fault line does not actually pass on land but across the seas found in the region of the country, which includes the Luzon Sea, Mindoro Strait, Panay Gulf, and Sulu Sea.

Eastern Philippine Fault

A major offshore fault line located in the Philippine Sea, that contributes to the country's earthquake activity.

Central Philippine Fault

A major fault zone that stretches across several provinces in the central Philippines. It is an active tectonic fault capable of generating strong earthquakes and plays a significant role in the country's seismic activity.

Marikina Valley Fault System

A major active fault system that runs through parts of Metro Manila and nearby provinces. It consists of the West Valley Fault and East Valley Fault and is capable of generating strong earthquakes that could significantly affect densely populated areas.

Southern Mindanao Fault

It runs through several provinces and is capable of generating strong earthquakes, posing a significant seismic hazard to nearby communities.

SPACE GEODETIC

SATELLITE-BASED METHODS USED TO ACCURATELY MEASURE THE EARTH'S SHAPE, POSITION, AND MOVEMENT. THEY HELP SCIENTISTS MONITOR TECTONIC PLATE MOVEMENTS, FAULT LINES, EARTHQUAKES, AND CHANGES IN THE EARTH'S SURFACE.

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

THIS IS A NAVIGATION NETWORK OF SATELLITES ORBITING EARTH. these STATIONS, WHICH ARE USED FOR GEODESY, ARE LOCATED ON THE GROUND. WHEN MOVEMENTS OCCUR ON THE SURFACE OF EARTH, THE LOCATIONS OF THESE STATIONS ARE COMPARED WITH THEIR ORIGINAL LOCATIONS. SCIENTISTS CAN ALSO DETERMINE THE MOTION OF TECTONIC PLATES AND DEFORMATIONS ON EARTH'S CRUST. BY COMPARING THE LOCATIONS OF STATIONS ON DIFFERENT PLATES, SCIENTISTS CAN DETERMINE THE RATE AT WHICH THE PLATES MOVE.

VERY LONG BASELINE INTERFEROMETRY

THIS IS A HIGH-QUALITY RESOLUTION TECHNOLOGY THAT IS THE MOST SENSITIVE IN RECEIVING RADIO SIGNALS FROM SPACE. THIS MAKES USE OF AN ARRAY OF TELESCOPES THAT ARE COORDINATED FROM FAR DISTANCES. THE SIGNALS RECEIVED AT EACH TELESCOPE ARE THEN RECORDED TO BE PROCESSED AT A CORRELATION FACILITY.

SATELLITE LASER RANGING

USES POWERFUL LASERS TO MEASURE A SATELLITE'S POSITION BY DETECTING CHANGES FROM ITS PREDICTED ORBIT. IT ACCURATELY DETERMINES CHANGES IN THE EARTH'S CENTER OF MASS (GEOCENTER), HELPING ESTABLISH PRECISE GEODETIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND MONITOR THE EARTH. WORLDWIDE, THERE ARE ABOUT 42 SLR STATIONS, WITH ONLY 6 LOCATED IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE.

Hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere

three spheres of the earth

crust

very thin layer of solid, thinnest layer

plates

the crust of the earth is broken into many pieces called ___, they also cause earthquakes when these ___ move.

continental crust

Thicker layer of the earths crust, its thick but less dense and 35km thick

oceanic crust

Thinner layer of the crust, under the ocean basin, denser and heavier and 7km thick only

Lithosphere 100km

composed of the crust and upper mantle, state how many km.

mohorovicic discontinuity

The boundary between the crust and the mantle

convection current

driven by heat from the core, magma rises cools and sinks to create a cycle.

continental drift, earthquakes and volcanic activity

The convection current drives plate tectonics which cause ___

asthenosphere

Made of molten rock and metal, so it flows like hot asphalt and is inside the upper mantle that moves and causes tectonic plates to move

Mantle, 2900km

largest layer of the earth, around ___ thick. it very flexible and flows like a viscous liquid.

1600f - 4000f

heat of the mantle

gutenberg discontinutity

boundary between the mantle and the core, found 2900km below the earths surfafce which checks out

Core

like a ball off very hot metal.

2200km, 4000c - 5500c

Outer core’s thickness and heat

1220km, 5400c - 5500c

inner core’s thickness and heat

convergent, divergent, transform

three plate boundaries

convergent

When plates move toards eachtoher, earthquakes and volcanoes happen.

subduction

In Convergent boundaries, one of the two plates is descending beneath the other. This process is called

Oceanic to Oceanic

an older plate is colder so its less bouyant so it subducts under the more younger, hotter and bouyant plate. deep oceanic trenches happen

oceanic to continental

the denser water subducts under the less dense land plate which causes a deep ocean trench and a line of volcanoes

continental to continental

no subduction happens since theyre both light and like two colliding icebergs they resist downawrd motions and just slam into eachother forming mountains and mountain ranges

divergent

occur when two tectonic plates move away from each other.

new crust

When two lithospheric plates are spread apart, it is common for _____ to form as molten material rises to the surface. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is formed in this process.

transform

grind past each other without going up or down. capable of triggering devastating earthquakes. A famous example is the San Andreas Fault in California.

FOCUS / HYPOCENTER

where earthquake begins underground

EPICENTER

point on earth's surface directly above it