Unit 9 Vocabulary AP World History Modern

Green Revolution

A mid-20th-century agricultural transformation marked by the adoption of high-yielding crop varieties, modern farming techniques, and fertilizers to address global food shortages and enhance food security.

Genetic engineering

manipulating a cell or organism to change its basic characteristics

Pandemic

epidemic diseases that spread across national borders

Malaria

a parasitic disease spread by mosquitoes in tropical areas

Tuberculosis

an airborne infection that spreads through coughs and sneezes an affects the lungs

Cholera

a bacterial disease that spreads through contaminated water

Polio

a disease caused by water contaminated by a virus transmitted in fecal matter

Desertification

the removal of the natural vegetation cover through expansion and intensive use of agricultural lands in arid and semi-arid lands

Greenhouse gases

those that build up in the atmosphere and let the heat of the sun reach Earth but trap it from escaping Earth

Renewable energy

energy derived from resources that are continuously replenished, such as wind, solar, tidal, and geothermal power.

Kyoto Protocol

the first major international agreement to reduce carbon emissions

Paris Agreement

gave new hope for progress against global warming

Economic liberalization

opening up of a country’s economy

Knowledge economy

revoutions in information/communication technology which creates, distributed, and uses knowledge and information

Asian Tigers

followed Japan’s economic model were 4 states; Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan

NAFTA

an agreement between U.S. , Mexico and Canada, it encouraged the U.S. and Canadians industries to build maquiladores in Mexico that used low-wage Mexican labor to produce tariff-free goods for foreign export

GATT

an international accord, that lifted restrictive barriers to trade

WTO

A global organization managing trade rules, helping to smooth international trade and solve disputes between countries. It took over GATT’s operations and made rules that governed more than 90% of all international trade which made it controversial (private) and the organization’s rules favored trade over consideration of issues of moral concern.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

a foundational document that asserted basic rights and fundamental freedoms for all human beings

UNICEF

was created by the UN to provide food for children in Europe who were still suffering more than a year after the end of WW2

Refugees

people who have fled their home countries

Negritude Movement

took root primarily in French West Africa, it emphasized pride in “blackness”, the rejection of French colonial authority, and the right to self-determination

Pass laws

a law that required black South Africans to carry identity documents when entering areas set aside for whites

Greenpeace

was founded as an organization to advocated for the environment, it later grew into a multinational agency with offices in more than 55 countries

Modernism

a rejection of tradition in favor of experimentation and uncertainty

Consumer culture

one in which people tended to focus more on what they bought and owned than on where they lived, what they did for a living, or what they believed

Americanization

where people over the world learned more about the U.S. than Americans learned about the rest of the world

Bollywood

(itself) a blend of film styles; (indian musicals) the popular name given to the film industry in Bombay (Mumbai)

New Age Religions

forms of Buddhism, shamanism, Sufism, and other religious traditions were revived and adapted for a largely Western audience

Nonbelievers

people who are not affiliated with any religion but are not necessarily atheist or agnostic

IMF

a corporation and global financial institutions that worked to maximize profit and sacrifice safety and labor conditions, environmental conservation needs, and national independence

Ecotourism

industries that make profits while showing off the country’s natural wonders, Costa Rica and other countries developed this

Brexit

the nickname of the British exit

WFP

established by UN to provide food aid

UNESCO

was created by the UN, to focus on developing literacy, extending free education, and protecting cultural and environmental sites by designating the World Heritage Sites

HRW

a UN program that monitors human rights abuses in 100 countries, it uses the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as its guide and advocates for policies that prevent abuses

World Bank

fought poverty by providing loans to countries, it first focused on dams and roads, it later expanded its mission to social projects

International Peace Bureau

began working for nuclear disarmament and also lobbied governments to reduce military spending; worked to maintain peace and improve communication among countries