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when does fermentation occur
When oxygen is not present
anaerobic process
why is fermentation considered inefficient
only produces 2 ATP from the glycolysis stage because it never goes through ETC
glucose is only partially broken down and most of its energy stays in its byproducts
how many ATP molecules produced
2 ATP per glucose vs 36-38 ATP generated by aerobic respiration
facultative anaerobes
single-celled organism that can survive in aerobic and anaerobic conditions
ex. yeasts
when must fermentation be used
in anaerobic respiration, etc doesn’t work because theres no oxygen and the chain will be backed up
alternative method to oxidize NADH into NAD+ so glycolysis keeps running
two types of fermentation
alcoholic fermentation
lactic acid fermentation
alcoholic fermentation process
yeast convert pyruvate into ethanol when they run out of oxygen
how does lactic acid fermentation cause cramps
lowers the pH of the muscle (more acidic) which makes the enzymes less efficient or inactive
reduces the muscle’s ability to contract
lactic acid fermentation process
when oxygen returns to the muscles, lactate converts back to pyruvate
pyruvate will go into aerobic respiration
foods produced by lactic acid fermentation
cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream, pickles, sauerkraut
what type of fermentation does animals and bacteria use
lactic acid
why is important that pyruvate is converted to lactic acid
this reaction regenerates NAD⁺
necessary for glycolysis to continue
alcohol fermentation byproducts
ethanol and CO₂
lactic acid fermentation byproducts
lactate
which cellular respiration pathway is used in fermentation
glycolysis
how is yogurt production an example of lactic acid fermentation
lactic acid bacteria break down the sugar (lactose) in milk, turning it into lactic acid
makes the milk more acidic, which causes the proteins in the milk to thicken
is fermentation sustainable for human ATP needs
no, only produces 2 ATP
can provide quick energy in the absence of oxygen (during intense exercise), not enough for sustained, long-term activity