Chapter 25 lecture

what is the rationale behind the use of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) to treat HIV infection?

To prevent the development of drug resistance and to more effectively suppress viral replication

what is the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)?

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Arboviruses are distinguished by their mode of transmission. What type of vectors spread them?

Arthropods

Which animals in the United States are most frequently involved as reservoirs of rabies?

Bats, skunks, foxes, and raccoons

What term describes a major, abrupt change in the influenza virus due to the reassortment of segmented RNA genomes from different virus strains, often leading to pandemics?

Antigenic shift

What is the proper vector for Yellow Fever in the wild?

Mosquitoes

Which virus possesses a double-stranded RNA genome and causes acute diarrhea, particularly in infants and young children?

Rotavirus

Which of the following is a common pathological feature observed in cells infected by paramyxoviruses, such as measles or mumps, caused by cell fusion?

Formation of multinucleate giant cells (syncytia)

What is the primary mode of infection for Ebola and Marburg viruses in humans?

Direct contact with infected body fluids

How is rubella primarily spread?

Via respiratory droplets

What are the two primary glycoprotein spikes found on the surface of influenza virus that are critical for infection?

Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase

What term describes the event when a pathogen, such as a coronavirus, jumps from an animal host to a human host?

Spillover event

According to the sources, how is AIDS defined?

As HIV infection with a CD4 T-cell count below 200 cells/µL or the presence of AIDS-defining opportunistic conditions.

What is the primary method for preventing measles infection?

Vaccination, typically with the MMR vaccine

Which of the following is a class of drugs used to treat COVID-19 that works by inhibiting viral RNA polymerase?

Remdesivir

Which of the following behaviors is most likely to transmit HIV?

Sexual contact and sharing of contaminated needles

Which type of test is generally used to diagnose a current SARS-CoV-2 infection?

Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) like RT-PCR

What is a typical characteristic of hepatitis C infection regarding its long-term course?

Most infections become chronic.

What is a common way that hepatitis A is spread?

Fecal-oral route, often through contaminated food or water

Which of the following are common severe manifestations of arboviral diseases?

Encephalitis and hemorrhagic fevers

What is a main characteristic that makes retroviruses unique among viruses?

They use reverse transcriptase to synthesize DNA from an RNA template.

How is hantavirus typically contracted by humans?

Through inhalation of virus from dried rodent droppings and urine

Which of the following diseases are caused by coronaviruses?

SARS, MERS, COVID-19

Why are SARS-CoV-2 viral variants important for public health?

They can have changes that affect transmissibility, immune evasion, or disease severity.

What are prions composed of?

Only proteins, specifically abnormally folded versions of a normal cellular protein.

Why is poliovirus spread so effectively?

It is highly stable in the environment and shed in large quantities in feces.

What is the most effective measure to prevent congenital rubella syndrome in newborns?

Routine vaccination of children and non-immune adults, particularly women of childbearing age

Which groups of viruses are commonly involved in transmitting the common cold?

Rhinoviruses and Coronaviruses

Which host cells membrane features are required for HIV infection to occur?

CD4 and chemokine co-receptors (CCR5 or CXCR4)

What characteristic makes the genome of influenza virus unusual compared to many other RNA viruses?

It is segmented into eight seperate RNA strands